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movement > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Subsistence

A
  • resource use
  • resource acquisition
    • where
  • economic activities
  • settlement patterns
    • not always 1:1
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2
Q

Subsistence mobility

A 
Residential mobility
-around a settlement 
Logistical mobility
-how far away they go
Terrestrial mobility 
-all movement across a terrestrial range
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3
Q

Is subsistence mobility easy to deliver

A

No, very hard

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4
Q

Substance and manual activity

A

Resource extraction

  • resource collection
    • Extraction process
  • resource processing
    • specific tools correlate two forces
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5
Q

Subsistence strategies

A

Hunting and gathering

  • foraging
  • acquisition of wild resources
  • various tasks
    • no specialization
    • many different musculoskeletal indicators
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6
Q

Subsistence strategies: pastoralism

A
  • Herding and maintenance of livestock and domesticated animals
  • may be associated with some elements of hunting and gathering
  • may be associated with some elements of agriculture
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7
Q

Subsistence strategies: horticulture

A
  • Maintenance of plants materials and crops

- may be associated with hunting and gathering

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8
Q

Subsistence strategies: agriculture

A
  • Maintenance of domesticated crops in animals
  • intensive economic process
  • generation of surplus foods
    • more space more surplus more population more profit
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9
Q

Subsistence strategies: assumptions

A
  • Relationship between subsistence and other lifestyle variables
  • activities in childhood and adolescence versus later adulthood
  • degree of difference between diverse strategies
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10
Q

What and why do we analyze subsistence strategies and behaviour

A

Examine variation within subsistence strategies and between subsistence strategies
-To determine how much of an viral culture change his bone tissue

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11
Q

Example of environment and culture on variation

A

Cameron and stock paper more arid environment equals more intense to use

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12
Q

Environmental and culture examples on tool used variation

A

Stock and Pfeiffer

  • hunting and gathering groups in between contexts
    • later Stone Age southern Africans
      • terrestrial /marine resources
      • bow and arrow spear digging sticks
    • andaman islanders
      • marine resources
      • watercraft use
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13
Q

Describe stock and pfeiffer methodology

A

Upper and lower limb cross-sectional geometric properties -greater lower limbs strength indicators among southern Africans

  • directional loading among southern African females
    • digging stick use
  • greater upper limb strength among Enderman Islanders -watercraft Hughes
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14
Q

Macintosh et al.

A

Tracking changes across the development of agriculture in Central Europe

  • associated with the transition to agriculture
    • increased sedentism
    • task specialization
    • intensification
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15
Q

Characteristics of the neolithic bronze age iron age and medieval-age

A 
Neolithic 
-early agriculture 
-not intensively 
-still relying on wild resources 
bronze age 
-greater intensification 
-more sedentary 
-some task special specialization 
Iron Age 
-task for specialization 
-different items appearing 
mediaeval age 
-intensive agricultural groups 
-good snapshot of evidence 
-towns and specialization
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16
Q

Describe the trends in the Macintosh paper

A
  • General declines in terrestrial mobility and lower limb strength indicators with the adoption and intensification of agriculture
  • different patterns among males and females
  • variation among time periods
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17
Q

Describe the other Cameron paper

A
  • Subsistence as impacted by economic activities
  • changes associated with trade of deerskins between European and Native American groups in the United States -question: do upper limb activity patterns change with economic intensification in North America?
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18
Q

The fur trade Cameron paper methods

A
  • Zooarcheological analysis

- cross-sectional geometric properties of the humourous

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19
Q

Cameron paper other one results

A

Greater directional loading among females
-consistent with specialized to use
females may have participated in for trade, and males may have intensified their actions with economic intensification

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20
Q

Types of hypothesis

A

No hypothesis: no affect assuming nothing happens

Alternate hypothesis: background information for prediction

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21
Q

What are two types of variables and what do they mean

A

Categorical/discrete
-qualitative
continuous
-quantitative

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22
Q

Task specialization

A

with agricultural intensification

  • increase in tasks and crafts
  • changes in behaviour /physical activity
  • differences sometimes diagnostic
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23
Q

Task specialization Macintosh paper

A

Manual activities in central Europe
-innovations
-early ask others digging sticks timber
-later mining smelting weapons odd and plough weaving
Changes in both sexes
More evident among females greater variation across transitions changes in degree of asymmetry

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24
Q

Reporting variables what are the three things to consider

A

Mean median or mode
standard deviation
sample size or number of individuals

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25
Q

What are mean median and mode

A

Generic average
midpoint most
common variable

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26
Q

What are three ways of looking at statistics

A

Comparison
correlation
groups/categorical (chi^2)

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27
Q

Comparison

A

Comparing properties among two groups with different conditions

  • categorical data
  • chi^2
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28
Q

Comparison

A

Comparing means between groups with different conditions -continuous

- Ttest 
- analysis of variance
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29
Q

Correlation

A

Strength of correlation Pearson’s test regression

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30
Q

Difference between correlation and regression

A

Regression

-quantify what one does to the other

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31
Q

What is an alpha level and what is a P level

A

Alpha level the threshold by which you say an affect has happened
P level is the result whether it be higher or lower

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32
Q

Stress markers can often be confused as what

A

Pathology

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33
Q

What are some things to look for in specialization of tasks/how do they affect the skeleton

A
  • Musculoskeletal stress markers

- fracture/trauma patterns

34
Q

Enthesal changes

A

Musculoskeletal stress markers
-Activity induced pathology, evidence for occupation, skeletal markers of occupational stress, activity induced stress markers

35
Q

Entheses

A

Muscle attachment sites

-bone and tendon attachment

36
Q

Enthesal changes 2 ways

A

Erosive

Proliferation

37
Q

Enthesal changes

A
  • interpretation challenging
  • pathological or non-pathological
  • lack of specificity
  • issues with observation
38
Q

Enthesal change Williams-Hatala paper

A
  • Assumptions: more falllogy of muscle attachment sites in the modern human hand does not reflect muscle architecture
  • interpreting anthesis during dissection
  • no relationship between muscle size and antheses
39
Q

What is an issue with determining lifestyle and behaviour based on entheses

A

-They rarely directly connect example pipe facet

40
Q

Spondylolysis

A

Fracture of vertebral neutral arch

41
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Displacement of vertebral body

42
Q

Spon….associated with what activity

A

Rowing

43
Q

Clay-shovelers fracture

A
  • avulsion fracture
  • lower cervical or upper thoracic spine
  • shear forces of trapezius and rhomboid muscles
44
Q

External auditory exostoses

A
  • surfers ear

- Exposure to cold moisture for prolonged periods of time -external auditory meatus

45
Q

Occupational markers dental wear patterns

A
  • Dietary sources of dental wear
  • paramastication
  • range of forms and time periods
46
Q

Degenerative joint disease

A

Osteoarthritis

  • Low associations with specific activities
  • trends in certain occupations, but inconsistent
47
Q

Arthritis versus osteoarthritis versus arthrosis

A

 -affects the joint

  • affects the bone affects (disease of the articular cartilage and synovial joint)
  • the joint structure and integrity
48
Q

Osteoarthritis three stages

A
  • Pitting: pits in the bone by grinding

- osteophytes and marginal lipping: attempts at separating -eburnation: polish is the bone

49
Q

How does osteoarthritis affect populations

A
  • different risk across joints of the body
  • modern contexts: hip, hand, Knee
  • not temporally consistent
50
Q

Joint disease associated with the Vertebrae

A
  • osteophytes
  • Schmorl’s nodes
    • herniation of nucleus pulposus
51
Q

Name the different fracture/trauma patterns 7

A

Transverse, linear, oblique non-displaced, oblique displaced, spiral, greenstick, comminuted

52
Q

Stages of trauma 5

A

Callus and healing stages
-radiographic detection
— Hematoma, inflammation, soft Calais, hard Calais, remodelling

53
Q

Interpreting trauma burger and Trincao‘s Beier

A

Neandertal injuries similar to those of rodeo riders

54
Q

Gilmore paper

A
  • Trauma may be used as indicator of activity
    • nonspecific
  • assumptions about trauma
    • pain
    • impairment
    • care
  • recovery from trauma not well studied
  • assumptions: impairment or loss of function
  • coupling activity analysis with trauma analysis
55
Q

Moving towards today changes in activity

A

Change the activity overtime

  • changes in injury patterns
  • sedentary behaviour
  • changes in labour
56
Q

Overall trends we see today

A

Very sedentary lidestyles

57
Q

Give the Tremblay definition of sedentary

A

Distinct from a laugh of moderate to vigourous physical activity

58
Q

Distinguishes quantity from quality of behaviours what are the two systems of measurement

A

FITT frequency intensity time taste

SITT sedentary interruptions time tape

59
Q

How can you be directivities of those in the past …is it effective
Shaw and stock

A

Comparisons between modern athletes and prehistoric populations
Modern varsity athletes to fossil hominins

60
Q

 Misconception about persistence hunting

A

It’s not the same as marathon running

-there was an evolution airy adaptation to endurance

61
Q

Macintosh at all the road to sedentism

A

Decreases in skeletal indicators of strength and robusticity with the onset of agriculture

  • noted in several geographic contexts
  • decreases across agricultural intensification
  • compared modern varsity athletes to agricultural groups
  • Groups across agricultural intensification and modern rowers runners and soccer players
62
Q

What were some of the effects of the industrial revolution

A

Increased mechanization

  • less physical labour intensity on humans
  • reduces the number of people experiencing this labour -currently we are far removed from past physical activity patterns
63
Q

Analyzing Competitive athletes

A

-Paradox of sedentism and elite athletics
-athletes use as proxies for activities human athletic Paleo biology
-elite or varsity level often required for habitual designation -training volumes and age of onset
Pros and cons: the terrain and equipment is very different, rules and regulations in form are also different

64
Q

What systems are impacted by increase sedentism

A

Cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal

65
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

Highest incidence of global mortality, heart disease, stroke, hypertension

66
Q

Metabolic complications

A

Diabetes type one and two, compounded by other lifestyle variables
-related but not always determined by physical health

67
Q

Early life stressors and the thrifty phenotype hypothesis

A

David Barker 1985

  • developmental origins of health and disease
  • foetal origins of health and disease
  • uterine environment impacts the development of a foetus -interactions of environment and stresses
  • not inside a vacuum
68
Q

Different ways to measure body fat

A
  • BMI
    • problematic and used incorrectly
  • skinfold thickness
    • anthropometry
  • bioimpedance
    • small electrical currents
  • dual x-ray absorptiometry
69
Q

Skeletal implications for sedentism

A 
Bone metabolism 
bone mineral density 
unloading 
-resorption/deposition and balances 
-consequences of bedrest sanitary lives
70
Q

How sedentary is sedentary

-katzmarzyk et al

A

How many people are meeting current physical activity guidelines in the US

  • Physical activity versus exercise training
    - Physical activity: beyond resting levels
    - exercise training: increasing fitness, improving health, sport performance
71
Q

US guidelines

A
  • Adults: 150 minutes per week of moderate – intensity or 75 minutes per week of vigourous Dash intensity aerobic activity; muscle strengthening for 2+ days a week
  • high school students: 60 minutes moderate to vigourous daily emphasis on aerobic versus muscle strengthening
72
Q

When assessing the date of who is meeting these guidelines what do we have to consider

A

 -sex, age, ethnicity variation

-issues with self reporting versus accelerometer data

73
Q

What are some impacts the meeting foods distribution of physical activity

A

Occupation level of education and Socio economic position

74
Q

Incentivizing

A

Sometimes Financial mostly based off of fun

  • participation
  • Electronic monitoring devices
  • Apps
75
Q

What are some issues with new technologies and incentivizing

A

They are not sustainable

76
Q

Exercises ultimately what

A

Trends and fads

Capitalism

77
Q

Give examples of different kinds of exercises that became popular in different periods

A

In the 70s and 80s cardio was very popular before that it was callisthenics in the 80s and 90s muscle strength training became popular

78
Q

What are the three commercial interventions and incentives to exercise fads

A

Corporate interests social factors and dietary fads

79
Q

Exercise can also relate to what

A

Broader Socio political influences

  • Who was allowed encouraged and who was banned from weightlifting cardio marathon running
  • Sexism, racism, and other systemic barriers
80
Q

Shod versus unshod

A
  • Majority of our history has been spent minimally shod or completely unshod
  • potentially energetically beneficial to unshod running but negligible
81
Q

Paleoexercise…what and is it possible

A

Apparently exercising in keeping with evolutionary origins

  • this is an impossible claim as there is no one way of moving at any point in our evolutionary origins
  • different times, different trains, different subsistence strategies
  • never have humans reached one perfect state

movement (2 decks)

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