Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Subsistence
A
- resource use
- resource acquisition
- where
- economic activities
- settlement patterns
- not always 1:1
2
Q
Subsistence mobility
A
Residential mobility -around a settlement Logistical mobility -how far away they go Terrestrial mobility -all movement across a terrestrial range
3
Q
Is subsistence mobility easy to deliver
A
No, very hard
4
Q
Substance and manual activity
A
Resource extraction
- resource collection
- Extraction process
- resource processing
- specific tools correlate two forces
5
Q
Subsistence strategies
A
Hunting and gathering
- foraging
- acquisition of wild resources
- various tasks
- no specialization
- many different musculoskeletal indicators
6
Q
Subsistence strategies: pastoralism
A
- Herding and maintenance of livestock and domesticated animals
- may be associated with some elements of hunting and gathering
- may be associated with some elements of agriculture
7
Q
Subsistence strategies: horticulture
A
- Maintenance of plants materials and crops
- may be associated with hunting and gathering
8
Q
Subsistence strategies: agriculture
A
- Maintenance of domesticated crops in animals
- intensive economic process
- generation of surplus foods
- more space more surplus more population more profit
9
Q
Subsistence strategies: assumptions
A
- Relationship between subsistence and other lifestyle variables
- activities in childhood and adolescence versus later adulthood
- degree of difference between diverse strategies
10
Q
What and why do we analyze subsistence strategies and behaviour
A
Examine variation within subsistence strategies and between subsistence strategies
-To determine how much of an viral culture change his bone tissue
11
Q
Example of environment and culture on variation
A
Cameron and stock paper more arid environment equals more intense to use
12
Q
Environmental and culture examples on tool used variation
A
Stock and Pfeiffer
- hunting and gathering groups in between contexts
- later Stone Age southern Africans
- terrestrial /marine resources
- bow and arrow spear digging sticks
- andaman islanders
- marine resources
- watercraft use
- later Stone Age southern Africans
13
Q
Describe stock and pfeiffer methodology
A
Upper and lower limb cross-sectional geometric properties -greater lower limbs strength indicators among southern Africans
- directional loading among southern African females
- digging stick use
- greater upper limb strength among Enderman Islanders -watercraft Hughes
14
Q
Macintosh et al.
A
Tracking changes across the development of agriculture in Central Europe
- associated with the transition to agriculture
- increased sedentism
- task specialization
- intensification
15
Q
Characteristics of the neolithic bronze age iron age and medieval-age
A
Neolithic -early agriculture -not intensively -still relying on wild resources bronze age -greater intensification -more sedentary -some task special specialization Iron Age -task for specialization -different items appearing mediaeval age -intensive agricultural groups -good snapshot of evidence -towns and specialization
16
Q
Describe the trends in the Macintosh paper
A
- General declines in terrestrial mobility and lower limb strength indicators with the adoption and intensification of agriculture
- different patterns among males and females
- variation among time periods
17
Q
Describe the other Cameron paper
A
- Subsistence as impacted by economic activities
- changes associated with trade of deerskins between European and Native American groups in the United States -question: do upper limb activity patterns change with economic intensification in North America?
18
Q
The fur trade Cameron paper methods
A
- Zooarcheological analysis
- cross-sectional geometric properties of the humourous
19
Q
Cameron paper other one results
A
Greater directional loading among females
-consistent with specialized to use
females may have participated in for trade, and males may have intensified their actions with economic intensification
20
Q
Types of hypothesis
A
No hypothesis: no affect assuming nothing happens
Alternate hypothesis: background information for prediction
21
Q
What are two types of variables and what do they mean
A
Categorical/discrete
-qualitative
continuous
-quantitative
22
Q
Task specialization
A
with agricultural intensification
- increase in tasks and crafts
- changes in behaviour /physical activity
- differences sometimes diagnostic
23
Q
Task specialization Macintosh paper
A
Manual activities in central Europe
-innovations
-early ask others digging sticks timber
-later mining smelting weapons odd and plough weaving
Changes in both sexes
More evident among females greater variation across transitions changes in degree of asymmetry
24
Q
Reporting variables what are the three things to consider
A
Mean median or mode
standard deviation
sample size or number of individuals
25
What are mean median and mode
Generic average
midpoint most
common variable
26
What are three ways of looking at statistics
Comparison
correlation
groups/categorical (chi^2)
27
Comparison
Comparing properties among two groups with different conditions
- categorical data
- chi^2
28
Comparison
Comparing means between groups with different conditions -continuous
- Ttest
- analysis of variance
29
Correlation
Strength of correlation Pearson’s test regression
30
Difference between correlation and regression
Regression
| -quantify what one does to the other
31
What is an alpha level and what is a P level
Alpha level the threshold by which you say an affect has happened
P level is the result whether it be higher or lower
32
Stress markers can often be confused as what
Pathology
33
What are some things to look for in specialization of tasks/how do they affect the skeleton
- Musculoskeletal stress markers
| - fracture/trauma patterns
34
Enthesal changes
Musculoskeletal stress markers
-Activity induced pathology, evidence for occupation, skeletal markers of occupational stress, activity induced stress markers
35
Entheses
Muscle attachment sites
| -bone and tendon attachment
36
Enthesal changes 2 ways
Erosive
| Proliferation
37
Enthesal changes
- interpretation challenging
- pathological or non-pathological
- lack of specificity
- issues with observation
38
Enthesal change Williams-Hatala paper
- Assumptions: more falllogy of muscle attachment sites in the modern human hand does not reflect muscle architecture
- interpreting anthesis during dissection
- no relationship between muscle size and antheses
39
What is an issue with determining lifestyle and behaviour based on entheses
-They rarely directly connect example pipe facet
40
Spondylolysis
Fracture of vertebral neutral arch
41
Spondylolisthesis
Displacement of vertebral body
42
Spon….associated with what activity
Rowing
43
Clay-shovelers fracture
- avulsion fracture
- lower cervical or upper thoracic spine
- shear forces of trapezius and rhomboid muscles
44
External auditory exostoses
- surfers ear
| - Exposure to cold moisture for prolonged periods of time -external auditory meatus
45
Occupational markers dental wear patterns
- Dietary sources of dental wear
- paramastication
- range of forms and time periods
46
Degenerative joint disease
Osteoarthritis
- Low associations with specific activities
- trends in certain occupations, but inconsistent
47
Arthritis versus osteoarthritis versus arthrosis
 -affects the joint
- affects the bone affects (disease of the articular cartilage and synovial joint)
- the joint structure and integrity
48
Osteoarthritis three stages
- Pitting: pits in the bone by grinding
| - osteophytes and marginal lipping: attempts at separating -eburnation: polish is the bone
49
How does osteoarthritis affect populations
- different risk across joints of the body
- modern contexts: hip, hand, Knee
- not temporally consistent
50
Joint disease associated with the Vertebrae
- osteophytes
- Schmorl’s nodes
- herniation of nucleus pulposus
51
Name the different fracture/trauma patterns 7
Transverse, linear, oblique non-displaced, oblique displaced, spiral, greenstick, comminuted
52
Stages of trauma 5
Callus and healing stages
-radiographic detection
— Hematoma, inflammation, soft Calais, hard Calais, remodelling
53
Interpreting trauma burger and Trincao‘s Beier
Neandertal injuries similar to those of rodeo riders
54
Gilmore paper
- Trauma may be used as indicator of activity
- nonspecific
- assumptions about trauma
- pain
- impairment
- care
- recovery from trauma not well studied
- assumptions: impairment or loss of function
- coupling activity analysis with trauma analysis
55
Moving towards today changes in activity
Change the activity overtime
- changes in injury patterns
- sedentary behaviour
- changes in labour
56
Overall trends we see today
Very sedentary lidestyles
57
Give the Tremblay definition of sedentary
Distinct from a laugh of moderate to vigourous physical activity
58
Distinguishes quantity from quality of behaviours what are the two systems of measurement
FITT frequency intensity time taste
| SITT sedentary interruptions time tape
59
How can you be directivities of those in the past …is it effective
Shaw and stock
Comparisons between modern athletes and prehistoric populations
Modern varsity athletes to fossil hominins
60
 Misconception about persistence hunting
It’s not the same as marathon running
| -there was an evolution airy adaptation to endurance
61
Macintosh at all the road to sedentism
Decreases in skeletal indicators of strength and robusticity with the onset of agriculture
- noted in several geographic contexts
- decreases across agricultural intensification
- compared modern varsity athletes to agricultural groups
- Groups across agricultural intensification and modern rowers runners and soccer players
62
What were some of the effects of the industrial revolution
Increased mechanization
- less physical labour intensity on humans
- reduces the number of people experiencing this labour -currently we are far removed from past physical activity patterns
63
Analyzing Competitive athletes
-Paradox of sedentism and elite athletics
-athletes use as proxies for activities human athletic Paleo biology
-elite or varsity level often required for habitual designation -training volumes and age of onset
Pros and cons: the terrain and equipment is very different, rules and regulations in form are also different
64
What systems are impacted by increase sedentism
Cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal
65
Cardiovascular disease
Highest incidence of global mortality, heart disease, stroke, hypertension
66
Metabolic complications
Diabetes type one and two, compounded by other lifestyle variables
-related but not always determined by physical health
67
Early life stressors and the thrifty phenotype hypothesis
David Barker 1985
- developmental origins of health and disease
- foetal origins of health and disease
- uterine environment impacts the development of a foetus -interactions of environment and stresses
- not inside a vacuum
68
Different ways to measure body fat
- BMI
- problematic and used incorrectly
- skinfold thickness
- anthropometry
- bioimpedance
- small electrical currents
- dual x-ray absorptiometry
69
Skeletal implications for sedentism
```
Bone metabolism
bone mineral density
unloading
-resorption/deposition and balances
-consequences of bedrest sanitary lives
```
70
How sedentary is sedentary
| -katzmarzyk et al
How many people are meeting current physical activity guidelines in the US
- Physical activity versus exercise training
- Physical activity: beyond resting levels
- exercise training: increasing fitness, improving health, sport performance
71
US guidelines
- Adults: 150 minutes per week of moderate – intensity or 75 minutes per week of vigourous Dash intensity aerobic activity; muscle strengthening for 2+ days a week
- high school students: 60 minutes moderate to vigourous daily emphasis on aerobic versus muscle strengthening
72
When assessing the date of who is meeting these guidelines what do we have to consider
 -sex, age, ethnicity variation
| -issues with self reporting versus accelerometer data
73
What are some impacts the meeting foods distribution of physical activity
Occupation level of education and Socio economic position
74
Incentivizing
Sometimes Financial mostly based off of fun
- participation
- Electronic monitoring devices
- Apps
75
What are some issues with new technologies and incentivizing
They are not sustainable
76
Exercises ultimately what
Trends and fads
| Capitalism
77
Give examples of different kinds of exercises that became popular in different periods
In the 70s and 80s cardio was very popular before that it was callisthenics in the 80s and 90s muscle strength training became popular
78
What are the three commercial interventions and incentives to exercise fads
Corporate interests social factors and dietary fads
79
Exercise can also relate to what
Broader Socio political influences
- Who was allowed encouraged and who was banned from weightlifting cardio marathon running
- Sexism, racism, and other systemic barriers
80
Shod versus unshod
- Majority of our history has been spent minimally shod or completely unshod
- potentially energetically beneficial to unshod running but negligible
81
Paleoexercise…what and is it possible
Apparently exercising in keeping with evolutionary origins
- this is an impossible claim as there is no one way of moving at any point in our evolutionary origins
- different times, different trains, different subsistence strategies
- never have humans reached one perfect state
