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Movement > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the human skeleton and how many developmentally

A

206, 270

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2
Q

Name the anatomical orientation terms 5 (3 sets and 2 axis)

A 
Sagital 
Corontal/frontal 
Transverse 
-anterior/posterior 
Superior/inferior
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3
Q

Axial vs appendicular

A

Cranium, thorax and innominates vs the arms and the legs

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4
Q

Use anatomical language orientation indicators

A

Proximal-distal
Medial-lateral
Dorsal/palmar,plantar

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5
Q

8 dental orientations

A 
Mesial-toward misline 
Distal-toward distal end
Lingual-area touch the tongue
Labial-outsid eof 123
Buccal-outside of m and pm
Interproximal-middle of the m and pm?
Occlusal
Incisal
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6
Q

Bones is…(4 things)

A
  • living tissue
  • one if the strongest bologicla materials
  • under 20% of body mass
  • composite of collagen and hydroxyapatite
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7
Q

Coricle bone

A

Comoact bone

  • periosteum/endosteum
  • medullary cavity
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8
Q

Trabecular bone and subchondral bone

A

-spongy bone inside corticle bone

-

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9
Q

Diploic bone and woven bone

A
  • seperate dinner ans outer layers of cortical bone

- non-mature bone that is found in embryonic skeelton or rapid regrowth in injuries

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10
Q

Modeling vs remodeling

A

Growth, formation ir resorption vs metabolism, maintenance, repair

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11
Q

Osteoblasts, clasts, and cytes

A

Bone forming,bone eating, bone cell

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12
Q

Osteon

A

A multicellular bone unit

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13
Q

Cyte vs clast formation

A

Mesenchymal stem cell—preosteoblast—blast—-osteocyte

Hematopoietic stem cell—monocyte/macrophage—preosteoclast—-clast

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14
Q

Osteon …haversian system

A

Primat and secona=dary osteon

Components: haversian canal, volkman’s canal, canaliculi, lacunae, lamellae

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15
Q

Bone make up 3 parts

A

Osteoid….calcifies and become lamellae
Collagen ….type 1…90% of organic content
Hydroxyapatite…crystaline structure

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16
Q

Have diagram of slide 44

A

Find it !

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17
Q

Types of bone 6 and give an example

A 
Short 
Flat
Long
Irregular
Sutural
Sesamoid
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18
Q

Cartilage

A

At joints
-hyaline,-midflex…nose
fibrocartalage,-least flex…knee
elastic -most flex …ear

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19
Q

Synovial

A

Joint capsule

Synovial memebrane and fluis

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20
Q

Synarthroses

A

Joint

-sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

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21
Q

Cartilagenous

A

Joint

  • symphysis a d synchondrosis
  • pubic symphasis
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22
Q

Muscle and bine interaction

A

-periosteum,
tendon, -muscle to bone
ligaments -bone to bone

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23
Q

Movement types

A

Uniaxial-elbox
Biaxial-phalanx to mertcarple
Multiaxial-shoulder

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24
Q

Muscle attachemnt

A

Origin vs insertion

Origin is the attachment that moves less is more stable

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25
Q

Ty0es of joints movement 6

A 
Pivot -c1 and c2
Hinge-elbow
Saddle-fijnger 
Plane joint- between tarsal bones 
Condyloid joint -radius and capal bones
Ball and socket joint -hip joint
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26
Q

Flexion and extension

A

Do it

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27
Q

Abduction and adduction

A

Saddle
Condyloid
Ball and socket

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28
Q

Rotation

A

Ball and socket

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29
Q

Gliding

A

Plane joint

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30
Q

Circumduction and opposition

A

Shoulder in a circle

Thumb across hand

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31
Q

Pronation vs supination

A

Saddle joint

Pronation is crossed

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32
Q

Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, eversion, inversion

A

Know them and do them

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33
Q

Skull 2 parts

A 
Cranium 
	-orbits and nasal aperture
	-cranial vault
Mandible
	-mental eminence
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34
Q

Mandible

A 
Mandibular condyle 
Coronoid process
Ramus
Gonial angle 
Body
Mental protuberance
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35
Q

Thorax

A 
True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs
Sternum
Costal cartilage 
Vertebral column
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36
Q

Vertrebral comumn

A 
C 7
T12
L5
S5 fused
Coccyx 4 fused
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37
Q

Vertebral column common features

A 
Spinous process 
neural arm 
	-lamina 
	-pedicle 
articular facets 
transverse process 
vertebral foramen 
vertebral body 
identify
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38
Q

Vertebral column CTL features

A 
Cervical 
-transverse foramen 
-small size 
thoracic 
-articulation for ribs 
-heart shaped body 
lumbar 
-large size 
-Prominentspinous process
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39
Q

Atlas and axis

A

Are th$ first two vertebra

-acis has a dens or odontoid process

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40
Q

Parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium

Corpus sterni

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41
Q

Shoulder gurdle 2 and parts

A

Clavicle-sternal end and acromial end

Scapula-coracoid process, acromion, medial border, lateral border, glenoid fossa

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42
Q

Humerois

A 
Humeral head
Greater tubricle and lesser turbricle 
Bicipital groove 
Spiral groove 
Deltoid tuberosity
Letral and medial epicondyle 
Capitulum
Trochlea
Olecranon fossa
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43
Q

Radius

A 
Radial head 
Radial tuberosuty 
Neck
Interosseous crest
Radial styloid process
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44
Q

Ulna

A 
Olecranon 
Trochlear notch 
Radial notch
Interosseous crest 
Ulnar styloid process
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45
Q

Hand

A
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46
Q

Draw a pelvis

A

7 parts

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47
Q

Sacrum

A

Ala
Promontory
Fused sacral bodies

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48
Q

Types of muscle 3

A

Striated -skeletal muscle
Smooth-internal organs, blood vessels
Cardiac-heart tissue

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49
Q

Muscle make up

A

Fibres

- bundles
	- fibrils
		- myofilaments
			- sarcomere
				- actin and myosin
50
Q

Muscles funtion

A 
Innervation
	-neuromuscular junction
	-motor unit
Contraction
Reflexes
51
Q

Types of contraction

A

Isometric -hilding positon
Isotonic -range of motion
Eccentric -put domthing down
Concentric -lift something

52
Q

Spinal curvatures

A

Lordosis-inward
Kyphosis-outward
Primary and secondary curvatures

53
Q

Phylogenetic differences

A
  • linked to relatioships between taxa

- functional differences and neutral differences

54
Q

Analogy vs homology

A

Look similar but not actually related
Vs
Looks similar for rewlted reasons …derived trsit

55
Q

Plactiicyt vs canolized

A
56
Q

Factors that impact bone morphology

A

Genetics
Hormones
Age
Envoronmental factors

57
Q

Describe a lever

A

Fulcrum-teater point
Effort-force arm ir power arm
Load arm -load

58
Q

Describe the different types of levers…draw them

A

First class, second, third

59
Q

Two loads

A

Muscluar and external firces

60
Q

Unloading describe

A

Removing a load not like a bag but like muslcle mass

61
Q

Epiphyses and diaphysis

A

Hogher % of trbecular bone (head and distal ends)

Less trabecular bone (shaft)

62
Q

Tyoes of loads 4

A

Compression/tension
Torsion
Bending
Shearing

63
Q

Wolff reading

A

Bone responds to loads applied in life
-adapted to its mechanicla emvirone,mt
Impacts on internal bone structure
-arrangment of struts (trbeculae) alighned to streses experienced by bones

64
Q

Roux reading

A
  • functionsl adaptation
  • adapt bine structure ti living conditions
  • bone cells respond to mechanical stresses
65
Q

Frost’s mechanostat

A
  • mechsnical loading influences bone structure
  • changes in mass and architechture of bone
  • structure that resust loads with appropriate amount of material
  • stimulated by elastic deformation of bone
  • adaptation as feedback loop
66
Q

Beam theory

A

Long bones can be modelled as an engineering beam

Stresses within a material arise from externally applied loads

67
Q

Strength vs ribusticity

A

Ability of a structure to resist breaking

Ability of a structure to resist deformation before failure/breakage

68
Q

Draw feedback loop for bone functional adaptation

A
69
Q

Body size standardization

A
  • bidy mass is a source of load
  • body shape may infouence levers of action
  • may result in loading differneces simoar to action
  • may change comaprisons or svoid comparing those with different body shapes
70
Q

Tools and methodes -acuracy vs percision

A

Precision-how close your data is to other data

Scuracy -how close the data is to the target

71
Q

Sources of error

A

Observation error

Measuremetnerror

72
Q

Analysis of size and shape

A

Osteometrucs -meausring bone dimensions

Landmarking -callibrsting the shape of something

73
Q

Radiography

A
  • radiography
    • xray
    • computed tomography
  • internal
74
Q

Histology

A

-internal
-osteon types and osteon dimentions
See kab for types

75
Q

Surface methodee

A

Casting and moulding

Surface scanning

76
Q

Biomedical and sport science methodes

A
  • electromyography
  • kinematics
  • anthropometrics
77
Q

Methodes: functional morphology

A

Compare

  • osteometricss, anthropometrics, specific anatomical features
  • pro look for certain features
  • con: need an analog to compare them
78
Q

Geometric morphometrics

A
  • analysis of shape characteristics
  • landmarks, surface scans, CT
  • statistical tools to quantify shape wihtout size
  • pros -cons
79
Q

Trabecular analysis

A
  • size, shape, and orientstion
    • changes in r4espose to forces
  • computerd tomography and volume of interest
80
Q

Cross-section geometry

A

Analysis of long bone shaft loading with beam model
Tools: ct, surface scanning, biplanar xrays and moulds
Internal (endosteal) external (periosteal) boundaries
-external seems to repond to physical activity
-

81
Q

Musculoskeletal stress marks

A

Interaction between muscle and bone at attachemnt sites

Tools-visual or metric comparisons, erosion or proliferation

82
Q

Electromyogrwphy

A

Assessinf muscle recruitment patterns

-measurement of innervation

83
Q

Kinematics

A

Analysis of movement patterns during certain

Camera or sensor based

84
Q

Body mass standardization why

A 
Body mass (load) and bone kength (beam)
-controlled to determine effort
85
Q

Standing ligaments accetabulum

A

-stable high efficiency poistioon
-oxygen consumption 7% higher standing than supine
Minimal muscule action
-iliofemural ligaments -anerior over
-pubofemural ligament -anterior under
-ischiofemoral ligament -posterior

86
Q

Standing ligamnets knee

A
  • minimal muscle action-ligamentd
  • anteror cruciate ligaments
  • posterior cruciate ligament
  • medial meniscus-the one on the articular surface

-popliteus muscle

87
Q

Gait cycle

A 
Stride 
	-stride length
Step
	-step length
	-step width
	-step angle
88
Q

Two phases of walking

A
  • stance phase

- swing phase

89
Q

Three types of foot strike

A

Rear/heal strike
Midfoot strike
Forefoot strike

90
Q

Flexors of the hip 4

A
  • iliopsoas
  • rectus remoris
  • tensor fascia latae
  • sartorius
91
Q

Extensors of the hip

A

Hamstring

  • flexors at the knee
  • biceps femoris
  • semimembranous
  • semitendinosis

Gluteus maximus

92
Q

Abductors of the thigh

A

-gluteus minimus and medius

93
Q

Adductor of the hip

A

Longus
Brevis
Magnus

  • pectineus
  • gracilis
94
Q

Extensors of the knee

A 
-quadriceps muscles
	rectus femoris
	vastus lateralis
	vastus medialis
	vastus intermedius
95
Q

Felxors of the foot

A
  • dorsiflexors
    • tabialis anterior
  • plantarflexors
    • soleus
    • gastrocnemius
96
Q

Bipedala morphologucal adaptations

A
  • limb proportion
  • oritentation if the femur and tibia
  • adducted hallux
97
Q

Bipedal foot

A
  • soft tissue structures
    • plantar of the foot
  • arches of the foot
    • transvers
    • medial and lateral longitudinal
98
Q

Name the hypothesis for biped

A 
Savannah 
Postural feeding
Energetic efficiency 
Carrying 
Provisioning model
Aqautic ape
99
Q

Forst possible bioed

A

Orrorin tugensis

Based on femur

100
Q

First confiremed bioed

A

Australo

-footprintd and femur

101
Q

Frelat at al reading

A

Timing evo changes in the ankle asnd knee
-unclear when and who
Tibia morphology among hominins
-geometric morphometrics of proximal and distal tibia
-3d models
-landmarks
Results: mosaic evo patterns
-DERIVED FEATURES of proximal tibia arose 2 ma ine alty homo
-distal tibia arose later in erectus

102
Q

McNutt et al. Reading

A
  • review of timelines and morphological changes associated with bipdealism in foot
  • major gaps in timeline
  • nonlinear oricess
  • locomotor diversity into the late Pleistocene
103
Q

Upper limb capabilities

A

Suspention
Rotation
Elbow
Hand movement

104
Q

Anatomy of pectoral girdle

A

Clsvicle
Scspula
Humeral head

105
Q

Trends of arboral to human hand

A

Long sleder-thumb-wider more robust fingers-broader, less curved gingers

106
Q

Olecranon

A

Shorter for suspensory longer for quad

107
Q

Hand morphology

A

Planageal curvatures
Flexor sheaths
Digit proportions

108
Q

Elevators of the arm

A

Trapezius

Serratus-anterior

109
Q

Abductors of the arm

A

Deltoid and supraspinatus

110
Q

Flexors of the arm

A

Pectoralis major

111
Q

Flexors of the elbow

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

112
Q

Extensor of elbow

A

Triceps brachii

Anconeus

113
Q

Pronation and supination

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Supinatir
Biceps brachii

114
Q

Flexor pf the wrist

A

Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
-tendon

115
Q

Extensors of the wrist

A
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
116
Q

Thenar and hypothenar

A

Thumd and pinky intrinsic muscle

117
Q

Power grip

A

Do it

118
Q

Precision grip 8

A 
Hook grip
Scisor grip
5jaw chuck grip
Pad to pad grip
Pad to side hrip
Squeeze grip
Disc grip
Spherical grip
119
Q

Australo biped or arboral

A

Arboreal shoudler but hand biped

120
Q

Bardo et al.

A
  • sapien hands and homo specialized for preecision and power grip
  • morphology and dexterity unclear
  • investigate the role of hand proportions in ijmpacting muscles and joints across taxa
  • hand proprtion modifies joint angles
  • impacts for biomed forces impacting muscles
121
Q

Williams-hatala reading

A

Stone tool key to hand evo
Selective pressures
-magnitude of stresses, benefit from behaviour, time spent preforming it
-examine pressures acting on the digits of the dominant hand during various stine tool behaviours

Movement (2 decks)

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