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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the human skeleton and how many developmentally

A

206, 270

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2
Q

Name the anatomical orientation terms 5 (3 sets and 2 axis)

A 
Sagital 
Corontal/frontal 
Transverse 
-anterior/posterior 
Superior/inferior
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3
Q

Axial vs appendicular

A

Cranium, thorax and innominates vs the arms and the legs

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4
Q

Use anatomical language orientation indicators

A

Proximal-distal
Medial-lateral
Dorsal/palmar,plantar

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5
Q

8 dental orientations

A 
Mesial-toward misline 
Distal-toward distal end
Lingual-area touch the tongue
Labial-outsid eof 123
Buccal-outside of m and pm
Interproximal-middle of the m and pm?
Occlusal
Incisal
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6
Q

Bones is…(4 things)

A
  • living tissue
  • one if the strongest bologicla materials
  • under 20% of body mass
  • composite of collagen and hydroxyapatite
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7
Q

Coricle bone

A

Comoact bone

  • periosteum/endosteum
  • medullary cavity
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8
Q

Trabecular bone and subchondral bone

A

-spongy bone inside corticle bone

-

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9
Q

Diploic bone and woven bone

A
  • seperate dinner ans outer layers of cortical bone

- non-mature bone that is found in embryonic skeelton or rapid regrowth in injuries

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10
Q

Modeling vs remodeling

A

Growth, formation ir resorption vs metabolism, maintenance, repair

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11
Q

Osteoblasts, clasts, and cytes

A

Bone forming,bone eating, bone cell

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12
Q

Osteon

A

A multicellular bone unit

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13
Q

Cyte vs clast formation

A

Mesenchymal stem cell—preosteoblast—blast—-osteocyte

Hematopoietic stem cell—monocyte/macrophage—preosteoclast—-clast

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14
Q

Osteon …haversian system

A

Primat and secona=dary osteon

Components: haversian canal, volkman’s canal, canaliculi, lacunae, lamellae

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15
Q

Bone make up 3 parts

A

Osteoid….calcifies and become lamellae
Collagen ….type 1…90% of organic content
Hydroxyapatite…crystaline structure

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16
Q

Have diagram of slide 44

A

Find it !

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17
Q

Types of bone 6 and give an example

A 
Short 
Flat
Long
Irregular
Sutural
Sesamoid
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18
Q

Cartilage

A

At joints
-hyaline,-midflex…nose
fibrocartalage,-least flex…knee
elastic -most flex …ear

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19
Q

Synovial

A

Joint capsule

Synovial memebrane and fluis

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20
Q

Synarthroses

A

Joint

-sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

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21
Q

Cartilagenous

A

Joint

  • symphysis a d synchondrosis
  • pubic symphasis
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22
Q

Muscle and bine interaction

A

-periosteum,
tendon, -muscle to bone
ligaments -bone to bone

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23
Q

Movement types

A

Uniaxial-elbox
Biaxial-phalanx to mertcarple
Multiaxial-shoulder

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24
Q

Muscle attachemnt

A

Origin vs insertion

Origin is the attachment that moves less is more stable

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25
Ty0es of joints movement 6
``` Pivot -c1 and c2 Hinge-elbow Saddle-fijnger Plane joint- between tarsal bones Condyloid joint -radius and capal bones Ball and socket joint -hip joint ```
26
Flexion and extension
Do it
27
Abduction and adduction
Saddle Condyloid Ball and socket
28
Rotation
Ball and socket
29
Gliding
Plane joint
30
Circumduction and opposition
Shoulder in a circle | Thumb across hand
31
Pronation vs supination
Saddle joint | Pronation is crossed
32
Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, eversion, inversion
Know them and do them
33
Skull 2 parts
``` Cranium -orbits and nasal aperture -cranial vault Mandible -mental eminence ```
34
Mandible
``` Mandibular condyle Coronoid process Ramus Gonial angle Body Mental protuberance ```
35
Thorax
``` True ribs False ribs Floating ribs Sternum Costal cartilage Vertebral column ```
36
Vertrebral comumn
``` C 7 T12 L5 S5 fused Coccyx 4 fused ```
37
Vertebral column common features
``` Spinous process neural arm -lamina -pedicle articular facets transverse process vertebral foramen vertebral body identify ```
38
Vertebral column CTL features
``` Cervical -transverse foramen -small size thoracic -articulation for ribs -heart shaped body lumbar -large size -Prominentspinous process ```
39
Atlas and axis
Are th$ first two vertebra | -acis has a dens or odontoid process
40
Parts of the sternum
Manubrium | Corpus sterni
41
Shoulder gurdle 2 and parts
Clavicle-sternal end and acromial end | Scapula-coracoid process, acromion, medial border, lateral border, glenoid fossa
42
Humerois
``` Humeral head Greater tubricle and lesser turbricle Bicipital groove Spiral groove Deltoid tuberosity Letral and medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Olecranon fossa ```
43
Radius
``` Radial head Radial tuberosuty Neck Interosseous crest Radial styloid process ```
44
Ulna
``` Olecranon Trochlear notch Radial notch Interosseous crest Ulnar styloid process ```
45
Hand
46
Draw a pelvis
7 parts
47
Sacrum
Ala Promontory Fused sacral bodies
48
Types of muscle 3
Striated -skeletal muscle Smooth-internal organs, blood vessels Cardiac-heart tissue
49
Muscle make up
Fibres - bundles - fibrils - myofilaments - sarcomere - actin and myosin
50
Muscles funtion
``` Innervation -neuromuscular junction -motor unit Contraction Reflexes ```
51
Types of contraction
Isometric -hilding positon Isotonic -range of motion Eccentric -put domthing down Concentric -lift something
52
Spinal curvatures
Lordosis-inward Kyphosis-outward Primary and secondary curvatures
53
Phylogenetic differences
- linked to relatioships between taxa | - functional differences and neutral differences
54
Analogy vs homology
Look similar but not actually related Vs Looks similar for rewlted reasons …derived trsit
55
Plactiicyt vs canolized
56
Factors that impact bone morphology
Genetics Hormones Age Envoronmental factors
57
Describe a lever
Fulcrum-teater point Effort-force arm ir power arm Load arm -load
58
Describe the different types of levers…draw them
First class, second, third
59
Two loads
Muscluar and external firces
60
Unloading describe
Removing a load not like a bag but like muslcle mass
61
Epiphyses and diaphysis
Hogher % of trbecular bone (head and distal ends) | Less trabecular bone (shaft)
62
Tyoes of loads 4
Compression/tension Torsion Bending Shearing
63
Wolff reading
Bone responds to loads applied in life -adapted to its mechanicla emvirone,mt Impacts on internal bone structure -arrangment of struts (trbeculae) alighned to streses experienced by bones
64
Roux reading
- functionsl adaptation - adapt bine structure ti living conditions - bone cells respond to mechanical stresses
65
Frost’s mechanostat
- mechsnical loading influences bone structure - changes in mass and architechture of bone - structure that resust loads with appropriate amount of material - stimulated by elastic deformation of bone - adaptation as feedback loop
66
Beam theory
Long bones can be modelled as an engineering beam | Stresses within a material arise from externally applied loads
67
Strength vs ribusticity
Ability of a structure to resist breaking | Ability of a structure to resist deformation before failure/breakage
68
Draw feedback loop for bone functional adaptation
69
Body size standardization
- bidy mass is a source of load - body shape may infouence levers of action - may result in loading differneces simoar to action - may change comaprisons or svoid comparing those with different body shapes
70
Tools and methodes -acuracy vs percision
Precision-how close your data is to other data | Scuracy -how close the data is to the target
71
Sources of error
Observation error | Measuremetnerror
72
Analysis of size and shape
Osteometrucs -meausring bone dimensions | Landmarking -callibrsting the shape of something
73
Radiography
- radiography - xray - computed tomography - internal
74
Histology
-internal -osteon types and osteon dimentions See kab for types
75
Surface methodee
Casting and moulding | Surface scanning
76
Biomedical and sport science methodes
- electromyography - kinematics - anthropometrics
77
Methodes: functional morphology
Compare - osteometricss, anthropometrics, specific anatomical features - pro look for certain features - con: need an analog to compare them
78
Geometric morphometrics
- analysis of shape characteristics - landmarks, surface scans, CT - statistical tools to quantify shape wihtout size - pros -cons
79
Trabecular analysis
- size, shape, and orientstion - changes in r4espose to forces - computerd tomography and volume of interest
80
Cross-section geometry
Analysis of long bone shaft loading with beam model Tools: ct, surface scanning, biplanar xrays and moulds Internal (endosteal) external (periosteal) boundaries -external seems to repond to physical activity -
81
Musculoskeletal stress marks
Interaction between muscle and bone at attachemnt sites | Tools-visual or metric comparisons, erosion or proliferation
82
Electromyogrwphy
Assessinf muscle recruitment patterns | -measurement of innervation
83
Kinematics
Analysis of movement patterns during certain | Camera or sensor based
84
Body mass standardization why
``` Body mass (load) and bone kength (beam) -controlled to determine effort ```
85
Standing ligaments accetabulum
-stable high efficiency poistioon -oxygen consumption 7% higher standing than supine Minimal muscule action -iliofemural ligaments -anerior over -pubofemural ligament -anterior under -ischiofemoral ligament -posterior
86
Standing ligamnets knee
- minimal muscle action-ligamentd - anteror cruciate ligaments - posterior cruciate ligament - medial meniscus-the one on the articular surface -popliteus muscle
87
Gait cycle
``` Stride -stride length Step -step length -step width -step angle ```
88
Two phases of walking
- stance phase | - swing phase
89
Three types of foot strike
Rear/heal strike Midfoot strike Forefoot strike
90
Flexors of the hip 4
- iliopsoas - rectus remoris - tensor fascia latae - sartorius
91
Extensors of the hip
Hamstring - flexors at the knee - biceps femoris - semimembranous - semitendinosis Gluteus maximus
92
Abductors of the thigh
-gluteus minimus and medius
93
Adductor of the hip
Longus Brevis Magnus - pectineus - gracilis
94
Extensors of the knee
``` -quadriceps muscles rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus medialis vastus intermedius ```
95
Felxors of the foot
- dorsiflexors - tabialis anterior - plantarflexors - soleus - gastrocnemius
96
Bipedala morphologucal adaptations
- limb proportion - oritentation if the femur and tibia - adducted hallux
97
Bipedal foot
- soft tissue structures - plantar of the foot - arches of the foot - transvers - medial and lateral longitudinal
98
Name the hypothesis for biped
``` Savannah Postural feeding Energetic efficiency Carrying Provisioning model Aqautic ape ```
99
Forst possible bioed
Orrorin tugensis | Based on femur
100
First confiremed bioed
Australo | -footprintd and femur
101
Frelat at al reading
Timing evo changes in the ankle asnd knee -unclear when and who Tibia morphology among hominins -geometric morphometrics of proximal and distal tibia -3d models -landmarks Results: mosaic evo patterns -DERIVED FEATURES of proximal tibia arose 2 ma ine alty homo -distal tibia arose later in erectus
102
McNutt et al. Reading
- review of timelines and morphological changes associated with bipdealism in foot - major gaps in timeline - nonlinear oricess - locomotor diversity into the late Pleistocene
103
Upper limb capabilities
Suspention Rotation Elbow Hand movement
104
Anatomy of pectoral girdle
Clsvicle Scspula Humeral head
105
Trends of arboral to human hand
Long sleder-thumb-wider more robust fingers-broader, less curved gingers
106
Olecranon
Shorter for suspensory longer for quad
107
Hand morphology
Planageal curvatures Flexor sheaths Digit proportions
108
Elevators of the arm
Trapezius | Serratus-anterior
109
Abductors of the arm
Deltoid and supraspinatus
110
Flexors of the arm
Pectoralis major
111
Flexors of the elbow
Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis
112
Extensor of elbow
Triceps brachii | Anconeus
113
Pronation and supination
Pronator teres Pronator quadratus Supinatir Biceps brachii
114
Flexor pf the wrist
Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus -tendon
115
Extensors of the wrist
- extensor carpi radialis longus - extensor carpi radialis brevis - extensor carpi ulnaris
116
Thenar and hypothenar
Thumd and pinky intrinsic muscle
117
Power grip
Do it
118
Precision grip 8
``` Hook grip Scisor grip 5jaw chuck grip Pad to pad grip Pad to side hrip Squeeze grip Disc grip Spherical grip ```
119
Australo biped or arboral
Arboreal shoudler but hand biped
120
Bardo et al.
- sapien hands and homo specialized for preecision and power grip - morphology and dexterity unclear - investigate the role of hand proportions in ijmpacting muscles and joints across taxa - hand proprtion modifies joint angles - impacts for biomed forces impacting muscles
121
Williams-hatala reading
Stone tool key to hand evo Selective pressures -magnitude of stresses, benefit from behaviour, time spent preforming it -examine pressures acting on the digits of the dominant hand during various stine tool behaviours

Movement (2 decks)

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