TEST 2 Flashcards
Leaves
- All about photosynthesis
- Increased SA to catch light
- Low volume to help facilitate gas exchange
All maximize the ability of photosynthesis
Sessile
No petiole
Exstipulate
No stipules
Leflets
- Can be organized in different ways
- If a stem there and a terminal bind - but instead there is a leaflet
Palmately compound leaf
Evolved
Eudicot leaf
- Netted
- Venation pattern
- Pinately netted
- No vascular cambium
- Has guard cells only on one side
- (adaxial, poliside mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, abaxial)
Monocot leaf
- Parallel venation
- Has guard cells on both sides
- (adaxial, mesophyll, abaxial)
Leaf attachment
- Has one axillary bud
- 1 leaf/node -> alternate
- 2 leaves/node -> opposite
- > 3 leaves/nodes -> whorled
Leaf modifications
- Spines: protection, anti herbivory, reflect excess light.
- Tendrils: climbing
- Succulent: water-storing
- Petaloid bract: pollinator attraction
- Bulb leaves - carb storage
- Bud scales - protect SAM
- Carnivore - eat prey
Flowers
- Collection of organs
- 4 organs in whorls
- Carpel, stamen, petal, sepal, receptacle, pendacle
Stamen
- Anther and filament
- Pollen is kept in anther
- Cross- section; chambers are called microsporangium
Carpel
- Stigma (catches pollen)
- Style
- Ovary
perfect flower
male AND female reproductive organs
Imperfect flowers
male OR female reproductive organs
Complete flower
Has all floral organs present
Incomplete flower
Has missing one or more organs
Monoecious
Can reproduce on their own
Dioecious
Need two plants to reproduce
Inflorescence
- Single shoot with with many flowers
- Differences in maturation
Raceme
Flowers alternate on the peduncle
Spike
- No pedicel and the flowers are connected to the peduncle
Umbel
-Looks like half of the circle
Corymb
Similar to raceme but longer pedicels
Panicle
Has many layers
Ray flowers
Attraction of pollinators
+/- fertility
Disc flowers
Reproduction
Pollination
Transfer of pollen to stigma surface
Pappus
Modified sepals
Passive pollination
- random
- wind, sometimes water
- lots of pollen made
- Very small, highly reduced flowers.
Active pollination
- Use a living vector
- insects, birds, mammals
- tools for pollinators (color, food, odor)
Insects (30% of food crop is pollinated by bees)
- Odiferous
- Yellow, blue, white
- Nectar
- Polen
- Mimicry
Birds (hummingbirds)
- Red, oragne
- no odor
- Nectar
Mammals (bats)
- White
- Larger in size
- Odiferous (smell like bats)
- Nectar
- Floral shape can help with echolocation
Fertilization
Egg and sperm make a zygote
Alternation of generations
Plants go through haploid and diploid phases.
Synergids
Release signal to pollen tube
Goals of seeds
- Fruit forms
- Relation to seed dispersal
Compound fruit
1) aggregate (blackberry) 1 flower many unfused carpel 2) multiple (pineapple) many flowers many fused carpels
Accessory fruit
Composed of more than ovary tissue (strawberry)
