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Botany > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Animal cell

A
  • Semipermeable
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Proteins (cholesterol can solidify cytoskeleton)
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2
Q

Nucleus

A
  • double membrane
  • linear chromosomes
  • chromosome number varies (can be polyploid)
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3
Q

Mitochondria

A

-cellular respiration

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4
Q

ER

A 
Smooth
- lipid synthesis 
- membrane synthesis 
Rough
- protein synthesis
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5
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • protein synthesis
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6
Q

Golgi

A

-Processing/ sorting/shipping proteins

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • actin filaments
  • microtubules
  • gives structure
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8
Q

Perixisome

A
  • fatty acid metabolism
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9
Q

Tonoplast

A
  • storage (water, pigments, ions, waste)

- helps to keep shape (turgor pressure)

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10
Q

Cell wall

A
  • skeletal system (strength, structure, support)
  • cellulose (polymer of glucose, beta 1-4 linkage)
  • starch (alpha 1-4 linkage)
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11
Q

Cell wall pt.2

A

Primary - all plant cells
- pectin matrix (stretchy/flexible, aqueous, water permeable, thin)
Secondary- some plant cells
- lignin matrix (water permeable, rigid, thin to thick
Middle lamella - glues cells together
Symplast = inside cell membrane
Apoplast= outside cell membrane

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12
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • Symplastic connection
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13
Q

Plastids

A
  • double membrane bond
  • contain circular DNA
  • ribosomes
  • can replicate by binary fission
  • starts as pro plastid
  • +/- thylakoid membrane
  • chloroplasts (green), chromoplasts (red), leucoplasts (no pigment)
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14
Q

Endosymbiotic theory (plastids)

A 
Evidence: 
- circular DNA
double membrane (outer membrane looks like euk, inner membrane looks like pro)
- replicate by binary fission like prok.
- ribosomes look like prokaryotic
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15
Q

Tonicity

A

Animal cells are isotonic

Plant cells aren’t and have turgor pressure

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16
Q

Tissue growth

A

Animals= zygote -> cell everywhere -> cell growth stops
Plants= zygote -> cell growth at apical meristem -> cell growth continues
- shoot apical meristems (SAM)
- root apical meristems (RAM)
- all plants have them
- primary growth =herbaceous
- increases length of plant

17
Q

3 primary tissues

A
  • dermal tissue: protection
  • primary vascular tissue: transfer
  • ground tissue: photosynthesis, storage, etc.
18
Q

Differentiated cells

A

Protoderm -> dermal tissue
Procambium -> primary vascular tissue
ground meristem -> ground tissue

19
Q

Dermal tissue (protection)

A
  • Epidermis
  • 1 cell layer
  • 3 cell types:
  • pavement cells (secrete cutin, cuticle, big vacuoles, no chloroplasts)
  • guard cells are in pairs (gas exchange, have chloroplasts)
  • trichomes - plant hairs (anti herbivory, physical, chemical, env, decrease water loss, can form root hairs, more SA more H2O)
20
Q

Ground tissue (majority of plant body)

A
  • Photosynthesis, structure and support, storage - carbs, H2O
  • Parenchyma cells: most common cell type
    photosynthesis, storage, metabolism
    large, round, thin, primary walls
    can differentiate into other cell types
  • collenchyma cells
    provide support - flexible soft
    elongated, narrow
    clustered, thick cell wall (primary)
    alive at maturity
    -sclerenchyma cells
    support and stucture -rigid, inflexible
    thick secondary walls
    *fibers- elongated
    *sclereids - roundish
    dead at maturity
21
Q

Vascular primary tissue

A
  • primary xylem (long distance transport of water and minerals)
  • primary phloem (long distance transport of carbs)
  • vertical support
22
Q

Xylem

A
  • xylem parenchyma: storage, alive
  • xylem fibers: structure, support, dead
  • tracheids: long distance support, dead
  • vessel elements: long distance support, dead. Stacked to make a vessel (more efficient way to move H20, short and wide)
23
Q

Phloem

A
  • phloem parenchyma: storage, alive
  • phloem fibers: structure and support, dead
  • steve tube member: long distance transport ( to symplastic, but not to nuclei, ribo, mito, vacuoles), elongated and live
24
Q

Dr. Katherine Esau

A
  • 1898 -1997
  • studied plant anatomy
  • wrote a book called “anatomy of seed plants”
25
Q

Organs

A

Monocots - grasses, grains, always herbaceous

Eudicots - can be herbaceous or woody

26
Q

Roots -underground portion of the plant

A
  • water and mineral uptake
  • anchorage and support
  • carbohydrate storage
    Morphology:fibrous- many similar sized roots, dense shallow, good anchorage, poor support
    tap-main large axis with smaller roots, deep, good support, good uptake from deep sources, lots of carb storage
27
Q

Root cap

A
  • protect root apical meristem (RAM)
  • facilitate growth
  • secrete polysaccharide -> lubricant
  • sense of gravity
  • at the tip of the root
28
Q

Root epidermal cell types

A
  • pavement cells (no cuticle, no guard cells)

- trichomes (root hairs)

29
Q

Aquaporins

A
  • water channels - how water gets into/ out the cell
  • filtered water can go into the root from the cell and go from cell to cell
  • unfiltered water moving apopstatically (never crosses the membrane)
30
Q

Endodermis

A
  • single cell layer
  • have casparian strip in wall (made of Suberin, stops movement of H2O forces to go through membrane)
  • water moves into endodermal cells via aquaporins (filtered)
31
Q

Pericycle

A
  • composed of undifferentiated parenchyma totipotent

- responsible for making lateral roots

32
Q

Root modifications

A

Prop root - grow tall and skinny, no tap root system (bamboo), vertical support, adventitious roots
Buttress roots - associated with trees that grow in specific env. Tall trees with shallow roots, compete for nutrients and sunlight
Pneumatophore - allow gas exchange in wet environments
Epiphytic root - anchor to another plan, photosynthetic
Contractile roots - bulbs

33
Q

Root associations

A 
Mycorrhizae -> fungal associations (symbiotic)
- plant gets increased water and mineral utake
- fungus gets carbs
Endo - most common
Ecto - mostly trees\
Rhizobial -> bacterial associations
- Fabaceae: beans, peas, penuts
- Bacteria gets carbs and home
- Plants get organic nitrogen
34
Q

Stems

A
  • long distance transport, connects roots to aerial organs
  • structure and support positioning of other organs
  • SAM makes all aerial organs, leaves, flowers and new stems
35
Q

Primary stem growth

A
  • Increases length of a plant
  • SAM/RAM
  • three primary meristems: protoderm -> epidermis, ground meristem-> ground tissue, procambium-> primary xylem and phloem
36
Q

Secondary stem growth (some eudicots)

A
  • increases width
  • woody tissue, only roots and stems
  • 2 secondary meristems: vascular cambium ->secondary xylem ad phloem (laterally located), cork cambium -> periderm (bark)
37
Q

Cork cambium

A
  • Outer bark: cork cells outside, dead, protection, replace epidermis, lenticels for gas exchange
  • Inner bark - cork parenchyma inside, alive, storage, replace ground tissue
38
Q

Cork tissue

A
  • Thickness varies
  • Protect from temp. extremes (insulates), herbivores, insects, mild fires
  • mechanical injury
  • water loss
39
Q

Stem modifications

A

Tuber- carb storage (potato, yams)
Cladophyll - look and function like leafs
Thorn - for protection
Rhizome - root-like stem, grow horizontally underground
Stolon- above ground, horizontal growth
Tendril - wrap around substrate ( climbing)
Succulent - H20 storage

Botany (4 decks)

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