Test 2 Flashcards
Information derived from cross sectional surveys allow a researcher to make causal statements about the IV and the DV is this true or false
false
An externally valid question is a question whose validity is assessed by correlating the question with some observable behavior or physiological measure or outcome, this is true or false
true
when looking at a study and wondering if your patient population will match the population of the study this is considered what
external validity
A multi stage cluster sample is a type of probability sample of a larger population used in survey research. In probability samples each case has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample which are true or false
both true
the probability of detecting a difference btw treatments in a study when they exist is what
power
Sensitivity is the probability that a diagnostic test yields a positive result given that the subject actually has the disease. It is possible to measure the incidence of a disease of a population with a cross sectional study Which is true and/or false
First True and Second False
a disadvantage of repeated measures experimental designs is that subjects act as their own controls. A disadvantage of repeated measures experimental designs is that the order in which treatments are received may effect the outcome of the experiment.
false true
a statistical analysis of whether the variable is really different from the control is
independent t test
involves examination of effects of multiple independent variable (2 experimental factors)(mouth rinse tooth paste study)
factorial design
MOST FREQUENTLY OCCURRING VALUE IN A DATASET, FOR ALL LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Mode
statistical analysis comparing only 2 groups
t test
An externally valid question is a question whose validity is assessed by correlating the question with some observable behavior or physiological measure or outcome is this statement true or false
true
a statistical analysis of 3 or more groups or variables
anova
- Surveys typically use convenient samples drawn from a larger population. Typically surveys rely on a respondent’s willingness to participate which may affect the validity and accuracy of their survey which is true or/and false
False True
which type of hypothesis does not contain an = sign
aka : H1
research hypothesis
Confounding or extraneous variable decreases the researchers confidence that differences of outcomes are a result of the experimental treatment. The Hawthorne effect is the idea that people change their performance when they are being watched. which is true or false
both true
same subjects tested under all conditions
Each subject acts as his/her own control; subjects as own
control provides most equivalent comparison group possible
this is an advantage to what type of experiment
advantage to repeated measures
What is a specific mechanism to dealing with subject attrition?
Protocol should be designed to minimize patient discomfort and maximize compliance
think there is a difference in null and experimental hypothesis when there really isn’t
false positive
is info derived from a cross sectional study related to surveys
false
involves examination of the effects of multiple independent variables
factorial design
Appropriate for interval or ratio level (countable) data (sometimes ordinal)
mean
APPROPRIATE FOR DATA AT THE ORDINAL, INTERVAL OR RATIO LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
median
think there is no difference in null and experimental hypothesis when there really is
false negative
can experiment can have internal validity but have low external validity
yes
a statistical test where patients are tested both before and after the experiment
paired t test
Information derived from cross sectional surveys allow a researcher to make causal statements about the IV and the DV, is this statement about surveys true or false
false
Used to make inferences from sample data
inferential statistics
Describe the characteristics of some sample. A set of tools that you will need in the process of doing and understanding data analysis.
descriptive statistics
the exam grades of 80 dental students are normally distributed and the mean is 80 and SD is 10 and the Z score is 0
That means you scored 80 on the exam
An active group is what in an experiment
not a placebo, the control works
the inactive control in an experiment is what
the placebo, known not to work
in the box and whiskers plot the dot in the middle of the boxes equals what
the mean
in a positive control ?
subjects are capable of response
Information derived from cross sectional surveys allow a researcher to make causal statements about the IV and the DV. is this statement true or false
false
in an experiment when you split male, female or smokers and non smokers what type is this
block design
Even with a p value less that .05 it is still possible for the null hypothesis to be true, true or false
true
Typically surveys are dependent on willingness of ppl to participate, can mess up validity and accuracy of the responses. Survey samples are typically probability samples drawn from a larger pop
both true
- In hypothesis testing, null is typically no effect. In P value less than 0.5 always indicates that null hypothesis is false
true, false
a two way interaction occurs in an anova test when?
there is a significant change in the data based on the multiple variables
what are the 6 steps of hypothesis testing
- MAKE DECISION/ DRAW CONCLUSION
- PERFORM CALCULATIONS FOR THE STATISTICAL TEST
- DECIDE ON THE “LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE” ()
- DECIDE ON THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION ON WHICH HYPOTHESIS TEST IS BASED.
- STATE THE RESEARCH AND NULL HYPOTHESIS
- STATE THE RESEARCH QUESTION
quasi experiments suffer from what weakness
internal validity
List tufts list of graphical misrepresentation (6)
A. InappropriateScale
B. Inappropriate Baseline
C. GraphicalDistortion
D. Hyping Data
E. OmittedData
F. Lie Factor
Surveys typically use convenient samples drawn from a larger population. Typically surveys rely on a respondent’s willingness to participate which may affect the validity and accuracy of their survey
False, True
The ability to determine if the observed effect in an experiment is due to the influence of the treatment instead of some other confounding/
extraneous variables is what
internal validity
practice effects and carry over effects are disadvantages to what type of experiment
disadvantage to repatative measures
Descriptive factors attempt to explain occurrence of a disease while identifying causal factors is this true or false
false
A panel study observes a person over time true or false
true
if a hypothesis has =, greater than or equal to, or less than or equal to what hypothesis is it
Ho
Null
in the box and whiskers plot what does the middle line represent
median
An externally valid question is a question whose validity is assessed by correlating the question with some observable behavior or physiological measure or outcome, is this statement about surveys true or false
true
in a positive skew the graph shifts in which direction, and mean is above what
left, median
in a negative skew the graph shifts in which direction, mean is where
right, below median
the value of the 75th percentile is what type of dispersion
interquartile
what is relationship between experimental groups and outcome variable(s)
statistical association
what is it called when the subjects are exposed to treatment conditions, and then measured on outcome variable.
temporal order
something that is known not to work;
demonstrates lack of response , or the placebo
negative control
blocking factors must be related to which variable
dependent
Any influence (variable) which decreases researcher’s confidence that differences in outcomes are the result of experimental treatment!!
extaneous/confounding variable
Any influence which disturbs the equivalence of experimental groups and affects internal validity
selection bias
Treatment is diffused/ shared to a group which is not intended to have exposure to that treatment is called what in an experiment.
diffusion/imatation
what are three types of external validity
subject selection, experiment setting and history
increase in inclusion and exclusion criteria decreases what
external validity
to what degree can you generalize beyond research’s operational definition is called
construct validity
surveys have information from crossectional studies true or false
false
One group changed other not is example of
independent t test
