test 2

Question 1

*transformation of Rome

why was christianity a challenge for Rome

Answer 1

the godly emperor denied divinity/authority

Jesus was a roman criminal (treason)

Question 2

*transformation of Rome (TOR)

Jesus (6)

Answer 2

• gossepels wrote a bibliography, his messages and ideas
• real person
• middle-upper class (educated)
• people believed he preformed miracles
• people follow and believe his ideas
• messiah

Question 3

*TOR

what was Jesus’ message

Answer 3

love god and one another
love your neighbours
humility, charity, brotherly love

Question 4

*TOR

why was the fact that the jews called to kingdom of heaven a challenge for Rome

Answer 4

cause they have their own empire but Jesus says to focus on the unearthly kingdom

Question 5

*TOR

why do the romans capture Jesus

Answer 5

cause he goes to Rome and says to stop earthly transactions but they considered him a troublemaker

Question 6

*TOR

pantius pilate

Answer 6

tries to run Rome in a peaceful way
crucify him, resurrected, goes to heaven
dies for his followers and their sins (not just jews)

Question 7

*TOR

christianity and Hellenstic world (6)

Answer 7

• Paul of Tarsus -second most important person
  - spreads Jesus’ message city to city
• greek speaking, non-jewish communities convert to christianity
• stoic principles (open to all)
• cult of mithras
• church structure, like roman model

Question 8

*TOR

christianity and Rome (6)

Answer 8

• suspicious (women/slaves) -worship of criminal
  - secret meetings
• few christians in the beginning
• emperor Constantine= first emperor to become christian (influences others)
• puts the Edict of Milan (religious toleration)
• political force

Question 9

*TOR
church government (7)

Answer 9

• roman model
• cities
• bishops
• rome+constantinople (most important cities-church)
• emperor should be head of church? NO its the pope
• attitudes towards women stay the same in catholic church (patriarchy)
• monasticism-monks (super devoted to christianity)

Question 10

*TOR

saint Jerome and saint Ambrose

Answer 10

st Jerome- translates bible from greek to latin

st Ambrose- church authority (denies access for emperor to be head of church)

Question 11

*TOR

explain the christian education

Answer 11

christians monks educate Western Europe
classical canon
monasteries- renters of learning

Question 12

*TOR

appeal of christianity (7)

Answer 12

1. universal- stoicism
2. promise of salvation, go to heaven
3. familiar practices
4. gave meaning to life
5. fulfilled the need to belong
6. church structure
7. Jesus is a real person (unlike mythology)
   CHRISTIANITY IS UNIFING

Question 13

*after Rome
3 civilizations
european civ, byzantine empire, islamic world
explain the byzantine empire

Answer 13

form on roman empire
eastern-roman empire
influences 1. the roman state
2. legal system, Body of Civil Law
3. Constantinople, centre of byzantine
4. buffer state between islamic and European world

Question 14

*after Rome (AR)

explain the islamic world

Answer 14

muslim faith has 5 pillars

1. prayer 5x/day
2. fasting (Ramadan)
3. god and his prophet ->faith
4. Mecca (pilgrimage)
5. alms/ charity

Question 15

*AR
europe- center of western civ
roman to European civ
what are the three elements

Answer 15

1. Germanic people (part of the new civ since they made the other one fall) uncivilized and wild
2. greco-roman culture
3. christianity (takes greco-roman culture to civilize the germanic people) cements the 2 other elements together

Question 16

*AR

what do the monks do (6)

Answer 16

-teach the germanic tribes
-live in monasteries, separately from everyone else
-key to post roman culture
-pope= Gregory the great
-purgatory (waiting room, heaven and hell)
-monks as missionaries (convert ppl)
Augustine converts king who convinces everyone
Saint Boniface (goes to Germany and convinces them one by one)

Question 17

*AR

charlemagne’s empire

Answer 17

germanic ruler for 46 years

ruled: counts- rule their area, church (with personal relationships)

Question 18

*AR

what is a coronation

Answer 18

crown the emperor of Rome

by Pope Leo III

Question 19

*AR

6 things about the Carolingian renaissance

Answer 19

• patrons of learning and arts
• learning=salvation
• classic latin texts
• monks
• carolingian miniscule
• symbolizes fusion of greco-roman, germanic, christianity (foundation of European civ)

Question 20

*AR

why did the Carolingian renaissance collapse

Answer 20

charlemagnes death
Louis the Pious (his son becomes co-ruler of the empire before he dies so that people can already be scared of him)
he has 3 sons, before Louis dies they fight over who will be the next ruler
after he dies, The Treaty of Verdun: sons decide who will take what (settles the basic geo of western civ)

Question 21

*AR

who invades while Louis the pious’ sons are fighting

Answer 21

muslims, magyars, vikings cause the most destruction (repeatedly invade, christianity converts the vikings to the European civ)

Question 22

*European recovery (high Middle Ages)

3 things about agriculture

Answer 22

• no invasions/internal disorders
• no plague
• climate improves

Question 23

*European recovery (ER)

3 agricultural improvements

Answer 23

• more land use
• technological advances (heavily wheeled plow, water/wind power, 3 field system)
• market for food (serfs)

Question 24

*ER

social classes in the high Middle Ages

Answer 24

you can't change class
last: peasants and serfs (belong to the lord, give up their freedom to be protected by knights)

Question 25

*ER | aristocracy

Answer 25

knights | towns and townspeople (not farmers) leads to trade

Question 26

*ER | 3 things about trade

Answer 26

- commercial capitalism, try to make money through trade - banks, people lend money - merchants, sell shoes in towns (towns come back)

Question 27

*ER | 7 things about cities

Answer 27

- indication that a civ is evolving - mostly repopulated Roman cities - lord's land (new cities are built on) - castle= protection lords can give the cities - lords sell their lands for revenue - liberties bought - government

Question 28

*ER | explain feudalism

Answer 28

(political) government and economic no central governing authority since charlemagne giving up freedom for protection military change: knight armour, bigger horses, horse shoes, stirrup

Question 29

*ER | explain manorialism

Answer 29

(economic) fiefs (land that is given) 60% of western civ are serfs

Question 30

*ER | explain The Crusades

Answer 30

church is involved with feudalism (not good), gets land from the lords and have to be loyal towards them church officials can also be knights monasteries destroyed Cluniac Reform: church needs to be independent from the lords Papal Reform lay investiture religion vs politics

Question 31

*ER | who is Gregory VII

Answer 31

``` pope increases church power Concordat of Worms (contract), regain authority -> church choses bishop (loyal to pope) king will approve bishop pope gives bishop spiritual power ```

Question 32

*ER | why is christianity important in peoples lives + seven sacraments

Answer 32

they have bad lives but they will go to heaven so it will make them feel better 7s: life is involved with church from birth to death

Question 33

*ER | who is Innocent III

Answer 33

pope interdict (way of controlling the king) intolerant of non-believers, Heresy inquisition, holy office (rule out ideas that go against the church)

Question 34

*ER | give an example of inquisition

Answer 34

Albegensians have a dualist system they say the soul is good but the body is evil goal: the crusades get Jerusalem by fighting the muslims but are unsuccessful persecution of jews

Question 35

*ER | effects of indulgence (5)

Answer 35

- europe expanding - bitterness among muslims - kingdoms - trade - jewish persecution

Question 36

*ER | 2 things about schools and unis

Answer 36

- learn latin (read bible and the body of civil law) | - in cities

Question 37

*Crisis of the late Middle Ages 14 th century worst period because three things are happening at the same time what are they

Answer 37

1. the Black Death 2. Hundred Years' War 3. decline of the church

Question 38

*Crisis of the late Middle Ages (CLMA) | explain the Black Death (plague)

Answer 38

before: bad weather= bad for growing season and crop failure (disease) malnutrition= can catch diseases during: 2 types= bubonic, pneumonic (lungs) origins in Asia to Europe by trade (rats) pathology, flea on rats (in the bloodstream of fleas) urban conditions hygiene lack of knowledge devastation (33-50% loss of population) recurrences (3x) social reactions: anti-semitism (blame jews) attitude towards life (lose hope) flagellants economic consequences: peasants lords sell food for less and pay peasants more (wants peasants to be serfs again, peasant revolt)

Question 39

*CLMA | explain the Hundred Years' War

Answer 39

France vs England Causes: knights, economic, feudalism, who will be French ruler France wins because the war was in France and they had more people Consequences: trade disruption, English monarchy needs to raise money to fight war (parliament, aristocrates), warfare changed, French-english hatred

Question 40

*CLMA | explain the decline of the church

Answer 40

Pope vs king King wants to raise taxes of the clergy in France Universal sovereignty of the papacy vs royal sovereignty of the monarch King kidnaps pope (dies) King puts pressure on cardinals to elect a French pope, Clement V (loyal to king) Papacy of Avignon (Rome to Avignon, not traditional) Life of the riches (church is living like kings), makes people not like the church anymore French cardinals Gregory XI moves everything back to Rome, tells cardinals to elect an Italian pope Cardinals elect an Italian pope, escape, then elect a French pope (2 popes) (the great schism) Church wants both popes to resign so they can pick a new pope but they don't so now there are 3 popes After >100 years since the beginning finally all 3 resign and there's only 1 pope