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Psych 1020 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous system

A

The body’s system that handles processing info, sending electrochemical signals throughout the body using billions of neurons. It regulates the communication of information

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that connect the central nervous system to organs and muscles

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

in charge of voluntary actions, it passes commands from CNS to skeletal muscle. As well as conveying sensory information to the CNS.

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

in charge of involuntary actions and passes CNS commands to blood vessels, internal organs and glands

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5
Q

Sympathetic system

A

fight or flight response, used when there is a conflict or threat

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6
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

rest or digest response, conserves energy and helps with digestion

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7
Q

Spinal cord

A

relays information between the brain and the PNS and controls spinal reflexes

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8
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

motor movements made without consulting the brain

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9
Q

Glial cells

A

helper cells; dispose of dead neurons, feed them, and are in charge of protection. Their insulation is myelin

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10
Q

Neuron

A

specialized nerve cells that receive and transmit info. Made of; cell body, dendrites, and an axon

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

contains chromosomes with our DNA

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12
Q

Cell body (Soma)

A

cell body that keeps the neuron alive. It synthesizes neurotransmitters and coordinates information

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

branch off soma and pass info to it, receives info from other neurons. It is covered in synapse receptors

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14
Q

Axon

A

elongated fiber off soma, conducting info from it to neurons, muscles, glands. The neural impulse goes in a one way direction in neuron

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15
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulation around some axons, which speeds up signal travel. Made up by glial cells

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16
Q

Axon terminal

A

knob like endings, end at synapses. Contain vesicles with neurotransmitters that carry info to other neurons/cells

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17
Q

Action potential

A

an electric signal that sends info along the axon. Only triggered if total strength of all incoming signals from dendrites exceeds a firing threshold (all-or-none)

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18
Q

Demyelinating disease

A

When the myelin sheath is damaged; neural signals are slowed and distorted, axon deteriorates/is lost, neurological problems arise and movement, sensations, cognitions, internal organs are all impacted.

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19
Q

Synapse

A

Microscopic junction between axon terminals of the sending neuron and dendrites or soma of the receiving neuron. Transmission of signal between neurons

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20
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A chemical messenger that carries the signal across the synaptic gap, to a receiving neuron’s dendrites. Excitatory action boosts the signal, inhibitory does the opposite

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21
Q

Endorphin

A

Natural pain killer-has a calm drowsy effect

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22
Q

Dopamine

A

regulates voluntary movement, attention/working memory and motivation

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23
Q

Norepinephrine

A

involved in fight or flight response. Talks to ANS

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24
Q

Serotonin

A

stabilizes our mood (well-being) and is important with sleeping and eating

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25
Q

Glutamate

A

common throughout the NS and help with brain development (learning & memory). Too much can result in seizures

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26
Q

GABA

A

is an inhibitor and can assist with anxiety (also counteracts glutamate)

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27
Q

Acetylcholine

A

affects movement in muscles and low levels can cause Alzheimer’s

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28
Q

Direct agonists

A

Imitate the actions of the neurotransmitters (producing the same effect) e.g. opioids in treating endorphins

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29
Q

Indirect agonists

A

Enhance the (synthesis, stimuli, removal) action of the neurotransmitter (stronger, longer effect) e.g. cocaine

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30
Q

Agonists

A

mimic/ enhance neurotransmitter effects

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31
Q

Antagonists

A

block or inhibit neurotransmitter effects

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32
Q

Direct antagonists

A

Prevents the actions of the neurotransmitter (block the effect) e.g. naloxone against opioids

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33
Q

Indirect antagonists

A

Inhibits the actions of the neurotransmitter (stimulus, release, removal) actions creating a weaker shorter effect e.g. botulinum toxin against acetylcholine

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34
Q

Fore brain

A

the largest structure in the brain, its outer layer is the cerebral cortex. The core of the subcortical structures and has 2 hemispheres divided by corpus callosum

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35
Q

Midbrain

A

Made of tectum (uses sensory input to orient body with stimuli) and tegmentum (involved in movement and arousal).

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36
Q

Hindbrain “reptilian”

A

in charge of basic life functions and coordinates info passing to and from the spine. Involuntary visceral things

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37
Q

Medulla (hindbrain)

A

Extension of the spinal cord, an controls all vital functions (breathing, HR, BP). Damage to this area will kill you

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38
Q

Reticular formation (RF) (hindbrain)

A

Regulates sleep and wakefulness

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39
Q

Cerebellum “little brain” (hindbrain)

A

Controls fine motor skills and coordination of movement (intoxication affects this part)

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40
Q

Pons “bridge” (hindbrain)

A

relays info between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain. Involved in movement

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41
Q

Basal ganglia (forebrain)

A

a set of structures that directs intentional movements an posture. Interfaces with motor cortex, midbrain, cerebellum

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42
Q

Thalamus (forebrain)

A

filters and transmits sensory information to various parts of the cortex (decides what is passed on)

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43
Q

cerebral cortex

A

sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to both hemispheres, each hemisphere has 4 lobes in charge of the most complex behaviours

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44
Q

Hypothalamus (forebrain)

A

Connects the brain to the endocrine system via pituitary gland. Regulates biological needs and controls the ANS

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45
Q

Limbic system

A

a loose network of structures and is involved in motivation, emotion, learning and memory. It is where subcortical structures interface with cortex

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46
Q

Hippocampus (forebrain)

A

is in charge of learning and memory. Consolidates new factual memories into long-term storage

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47
Q

Amygdala (forebrain)

A

in charge of emotional processes and attaches significance to previously neutral events (learning fear/reward responses)

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48
Q

Motor cortex (frontal lobe)

A

controls initiation of voluntary movement. Sends commands to; basal ganglia, midbrain, pons, cerebellum and spinal cord

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49
Q

prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe)

A

executive control system, it; monitors, organizes, integrates and directs. It is in charge of higher-order mental functions

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50
Q

Parietal lobe

A

It processes inputs from the skin via the thalamus

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51
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Makes sense of primary information (hearing, language, etc). Primary auditory cortex

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52
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex. Makes sense of other primary info (interpretation, recognition) and is located at the back of the brain

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53
Q

Sensory homunculus (parietal lobe)

A

each area of somatosensory cortex maps onto a specific part of the body (opposite side)

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54
Q

Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe)

A

damage can make one lose their ability to understand spoken language. Sentences can be formed but are incoherent

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55
Q

Right temporal lobe

A

lose ability to recognize different types of sounds. Speech is flat but language comprehension is not impaired

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56
Q

Contralateral control

A

each hem. controls functions on the opposite side of the body

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57
Q

Corpus callosum

A

band of nerve fibers that passes info across hem.’s

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58
Q

Lateral specialization

A

differential functions of the left and right hem.’s

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59
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the brain to re-write itself in response to experience

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60
Q

Hebb’s learning rule

A

neural circuits that are repeatedly activated become stronger, faster and more sensitive

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61
Q

Behaviourism

A

all behaviour is learned through interactions with the environment (mostly animal test subjects)

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62
Q

Associative learning

A

learning that 2 events are linked together.

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63
Q

Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

A

when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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64
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

natural trigger that reliably produces UR (not learned)

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65
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

natural reflexive reaction to US (not learned)

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66
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

initially elicits no response by itself

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67
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

learned trigger for CR (formerly known as NS)

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68
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

learned response to CS (similar to UR) even without US

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69
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

when CR is extends other stimuli to the original CS without explicit paring

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70
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

when CR is not generalized to other similar stimuli

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71
Q

Extinction

A

when CS is repeatedly experienced alone (no pairing with US), it will gradually stop eliciting CR

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72
Q

Operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

A

learning to associate behaviours with consequences (applies to voluntary responses)

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73
Q

Law-of-effect (Thorndike)

A

Behaviours followed by satisfying consequences will be strengthened(repeated)
and behaviours followed by unpleasant consequences will be weakened(not repeated)

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74
Q

Reinforcement

A

wanted behaviours, will be strengthened

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75
Q

Punishment

A

unwanted behaviours, will be weakened

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76
Q

Shaping

A

stepwise process of acquiring complex (unnatural) behaviours. Rewarding each small step, then only rewarding the final step

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77
Q

Reinforcement schedules

A

patterns that define when and how the correct response will be reinforced

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78
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

increases likelihood of behaviour by added something wanted

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79
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

increases likelihood of behaviour by removing something unwanted

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80
Q

Positive punishment

A

decreases likelihood of behaviour by adding something unwanted

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81
Q

Negative punishment

A

decreases likelihood of behaviour by adding something wanted

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82
Q

Exposure therapy

A

confronting the feared CS and prevent avoidance. With repeated exposure, subject will learn that CS is tolerable

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83
Q

Psychophysics

A

the study of how external stimuli are detected and translated into internal experiences

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84
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the smallest amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus at least half the time

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85
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

sensory systems become gradually less sensitive to constant/unchanging stimulus (allows to divert attention to other stimuli)

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86
Q

Just noticeable difference (difference threshold)

A

the smallest difference in stimulation needed to detect the change at least half the time

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87
Q

Signal detection theory

A

there is no 100% detection accuracy because it depends on external and psychological factors (how effectively the perceptual system represents sensory events)

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88
Q

Selective attention

A

attention is a limited mental resource. selective spotlight on one thing at a time (focus only on relevant things)

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89
Q

Context effect

A

different contexts yield different perceptions of the same stimulus

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90
Q

Sensation

A

a bottom-up(based on experiences) process where sensory systems register raw stimuli from the world “out there”

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91
Q

Perception

A

a top-down(based on facts) process where the brain organizes, identifies and interprets the incoming sensation to form a mental representation

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92
Q

Transduction

A

physical stimuli registered by sensory receptors are converted into neural signals

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93
Q

Retina

A

neural tissue with millions of photoreceptors

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94
Q

Rods (retina)

A

a type of receptor cell which concentrates on periphery, grayscale and motion, and functioning in dark conditions

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95
Q

Cones (retina)

A

a type of receptor which concentrates on fine details, detecting colour and functioning in light conditions

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96
Q

Trichromatic theory of colour vision

A

3 types of cones with different sensitivities to different wavelengths L, M and S(perceived colour is a different mix of L,M and S cones)

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97
Q

Colour vision deficiency

A

reduced colour discrimination. one cone type is defficient/missing (dichromatic vision)

98
Q

Opponent process theory of colour vision

A

3 pairs of neurons in the retina that work in opposition to each other

99
Q

Perceptual hypothesis

A

assumptions the brain uses to make quick and automatic extrapolations

100
Q

Gestalt principles

A

we perceive things as a unified whole (vs. as separate bits)

101
Q

Figure and ground rule

A

an object is perceived as separate from its background

102
Q

Proximity (grouping rule)

A

objects close to each other are perceived as belonging together

103
Q

Similarity (grouping rule)

A

features that are similar are perceived as belonging together

104
Q

Closure rule

A

completing a familiar form when it appears to have gaps

105
Q

Depth perception

A

retinal images are in 2D but we see objects in 3D (depth and distance are not perceived)

106
Q

Binocular disparity (binocular cue)

A

each eye receives slightly different retinal image (brain compares the two images to to judge distance)

107
Q

Motion parallax based on motion (monocular cue)

A

objects that are closer to us move faster across projects farther in the distance

108
Q

Pictorial cues from a flat picture (monocular cue)

A

cues about distance in a flat picture (many factors)

109
Q

Spinning dancer illusion

A

absence of overlap cues direction of rotation appears to alternate

110
Q

Ponzo illusion

A

identical objects appear different in size due to background

111
Q

Sensory neurons

A

receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord.

112
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

113
Q

Interneurons

A

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons.

114
Q

conduction

A

the movement of an electric signal within neurons, from the dendrites to the cell body, then throughout the axon.

115
Q

transmission

A

the movement of a signal from one neuron to another as a result of chemical signalling across the synapse.

116
Q

electrochemical action

A

conduction and transmission together

117
Q

resting potential

A

the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane

118
Q

refractory period

A

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.

119
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

breakpoints in the myelin sheath

120
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the current jumps from each node of Ranvier to the next (slows down)

121
Q

terminal buttons

A

knoblike structures at the end of an axon

122
Q

Receptors

A

parts of the cell membrane that receive neurotransmitters and either initiate or prevent a new electric signal

123
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

the sending and recieving of chemical neurotransmitters

124
Q

reuptake

A

when neurotransmitters are absorbed by the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neuron’s axon or by neighbouring glial cells

125
Q

enzyme deactivation

A

in which specific enzymes break down specific neurotransmitters

126
Q

diffusion

A

occurs when neurotransmitters drift out of the synapse and can no longer reach receptors

127
Q

autoreceptors

A

Neurotransmitters can also bind to receptor sites on the presynaptic neuron called

128
Q

central nervous system

A

composed of the brain and spinal cord

129
Q

reflex arc

A

a neural pathway that controls reflex actions

130
Q

tectum (midbrain)

A

orients an organism in the environment.

131
Q

tegmentum (midbrain)

A

involved in movement and arousal

132
Q

endocrine system

A

a network of glands that produce and secrete into the bloodstream chemical messages known as hormones, which influence a wide variety of basic functions, including metabolism, growth, and sexual development

133
Q

Pituitary gland

A

the “master gland” of the body’s hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body

134
Q

Gyri (singular: gyrus)

A

the smooth raised surfaces on the cerebral cortex

135
Q

Sulci (singular: sulcus)

A

indentations or fissures on the cerebral cortex

136
Q

contralateral control

A

your right cerebral hemisphere perceives stimuli from and controls movements on the left side of your body (vice-versa)

137
Q

Commissures

A

bundles of axons that make possible communication between parallel areas of the cortex in each half

138
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres

139
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

a strip of brain tissue running from the top of the brain down to the sides that is in charge of receiving/processing sensory info

140
Q

association areas

A

composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex

141
Q

mirror neurons (found in frontal lobe)

A

active when an animal performs a behaviour, such as reaching for or manipulating an object, and are also activated when another animal observes that animal performing the same behaviour

142
Q

gene

A

the major unit of hereditary transmission

143
Q

chromosomes

A

strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration

144
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences that determine whether or not genes are expressed, or the degree to which they are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves

145
Q

epigenetic marks

A

chemical modifications to DNA that can switch genes on or off

146
Q

DNA methylation

A

adding a methyl group to DNA (high levels are correlated with stressful situations)

147
Q

Histone modification

A

adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in packaging DNA

148
Q

Heritability

A

a measure of the variability of behavioural traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors

149
Q

Broca’s area

A

area in the upper-left temporal lobe

150
Q

electroencephalograph

A

a device used to record electrical activity in the brain

151
Q

computerized axial tomography scan

A

a scanner rotates a device around a person’s head and takes a series of X-ray photographs from different angles showing different tissue densities

152
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

strong magnetic field to line up the nuclei of specific molecules in the brain tissue. Brief but powerful pulses of radio waves cause the nuclei to rotate out of alignment. When a pulse ends, the nuclei snap back in line with the magnetic field and give off a small amount of energy in the process

153
Q

diffusion tensor imaging

A

visualize white matter pathways, which are fibre bundles that connect both nearby and distant brain regions to each other. DTI measures the rate and direction of diffusion or movement of water molecules, which reveal where a white matter pathway goes

154
Q

positron emission tomography

A

radioactive substance is injected into subjects bloodstream. The brain is then scanned by radiation detectors as the person performs perceptual or cognitive tasks (more radiation=greater blood flow=use that area more)

155
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging

A

detects the difference between oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin when exposed to magnetic pulses

156
Q

resting state functional connectivity

A

the relationship of brain regions with each other

157
Q

default network

A

a group of interconnected regions in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes that is involved in internally focused cognitive activities

158
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

a benign technique, a way to mimic brain damage. Delivers a magnetic pulse that passes through the skull and deactivates neurons in the cerebral cortex for a short period

159
Q

learning

A

acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills, or responses that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

160
Q

habituation

A

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

161
Q

sensitization

A

presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus

162
Q

acquisition

A

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

163
Q

second-order conditioning

A

a type of learning whereby a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure

164
Q

biological preparedness

A

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over other kinds

165
Q

Skinner box (operant conditioning chamber)

A

allows a researcher to study the behaviour of small organisms in a controlled environment

166
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Things that help satisfy biological needs or desires

167
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

things that derive their effectiveness from their associations with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning

168
Q

Interval schedules

A

based on the time intervals between reinforcements

169
Q

Ratio schedules

A

based on the ratio of responses to reinforcements

170
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

171
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

a behaviour is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

172
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

173
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

presenting reinforcement after each response

174
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

175
Q

intermittent reinforcement

A

whereby only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

176
Q

intermittent reinforcement effect

A

the fact that operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

177
Q

Latent learning

A

something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioural change until sometime in the future

178
Q

Cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the physical features of the environment

179
Q

pleasure centers

A

The nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and hypothalamus

180
Q

observational learning

A

an organism learns by watching the actions of others

181
Q

Diffusion chain

A

individuals initially learn a behaviour by observing another individual perform that behaviour, and then become models from which other individuals learn the behaviour

182
Q

enculturation hypothesis

A

Being raised in a human culture has a profound effect on the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees

183
Q

implicit learning

A

learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition (best demonstrated in people with amnesia and ASD)

184
Q

sensitivity

A

how responsive we are to faint stimuli

185
Q

Acuity

A

how well we can distinguish two very similar stimuli

186
Q

webers law

A

for every sense domain, the change in a stimulus that is just noticeable is a constant ratio of the standard stimulus, over a range of standard intensities

187
Q

Visual acuity

A

the ability to see fine detail

188
Q

Cornea

A

Light that reaches the eyes passes first through a clear, smooth outer tissue

189
Q

Pupil

A

after cornea bends light it is sent to a hole in the coloured part of the eye

190
Q

Iris

A

a translucent, doughnut-shaped muscle that controls the size of the pupil and therefore the amount of light that can enter the eye

191
Q

Retina

A

a layer of light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball

192
Q

Accommodation

A

the process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina. (muscles change lens shape for different distances)

193
Q

Nearsightedness (myopia)

A

eyeball is too long, images are focused in front of the retina

194
Q

Farsightedness (hyperopia)

A

eyeball is too short, images are focused behind the retina

195
Q

Photoreceptor cells

A

contain light-sensitive proteins that absorb light and transduce it into electrical signals.

196
Q

Fovea

A

an area of the retina where vision is clearest and there are no rods at all.

197
Q

Bipolar cells

A

top layer of neurons that collect electrical signals from the rods and cones and transmit them to the outermost layer of the retina

198
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

top layer of neurons organize the signals and send them to the brain (optic nerve)

199
Q

Blind spot

A

a location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina

200
Q

Area V1

A

the part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex.

201
Q

Colour-opponent system

A

pairs of cone types (channels) work in opposition: the L-cone channel against the M-cone channel and the S-cone channel against the M-cone channel

202
Q

Visual receptive field

A

the region of the visual field to which each neuron responds

203
Q

Ventral stream (lower) “what” pathway

A

travels across the occipital lobe into the lower levels of the temporal lobes and includes brain areas that represent an object’s shape and identity

204
Q

Dorsal stream (upper) “where”/”perception for action” pathway

A

travels up from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobes (including some of the middle and upper levels of the temporal lobes) and includes brain areas that identify where an object is and how it is moving

205
Q

Binding problem

A

how the brain links features together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features

206
Q

parallel processing

A

the brain’s capacity to perform many activities at the same time

207
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

a perceptual mistake whereby the brain incorrectly combines features from multiple objects

208
Q

Feature-integration theory

A

which holds that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that make up a stimulus

209
Q

Modular view

A

specialized brain areas, or modules, detect and represent faces or houses, body parts, and even other objects (b/c they differ in properties)

210
Q

perceptual consistancy

A

even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains constant.

211
Q

perceptual contrast

A

although the sensory information from two things may be very similar, we perceive the objects as different

212
Q

Perceptual organization

A

process of grouping and segregating features to create whole objects organized in meaningful ways

213
Q

Gestault perceptual grouping principles

A

simplicity, continuity, common fate, closure, similarity, proximity

214
Q

Monocular depth cue

A

aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye

215
Q

spatial acuity

A

ability to distinguish two features that are very close together in space

216
Q

temporal acuity

A

ability to distinguish two features that are very close together in time

217
Q

Change blindness

A

when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

218
Q

Inattention blindness

A

failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

219
Q

Pinna

A

visible part of the ear on the outside of the head

220
Q

eardrum

A

an airtight flap of skin that vibrates in response to sound waves gathered by the pinna and channelled into the auditory canal

221
Q

Hammer (ossicle)

A

named for appearance the ossicles fit together into a lever that mechanically transmits and amplifies vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

222
Q

Anvil (ossicle)

A

named for appearance the ossicles fit together into a lever that mechanically transmits and amplifies vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

223
Q

Stirup (ossicle)

A

named for appearance the ossicles fit together into a lever that mechanically transmits and amplifies vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

224
Q

Cochlea

A

fluid-filled tube containing cells that transduce sound vibrations into neural impulses

225
Q

basilar membrane

A

structure in the inner ear that moves up and down in time with vibrations relayed from the ossicles, transmitted through the oval window

226
Q

Inner hair cells

A

specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane

227
Q

Area A1

A

the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

228
Q

Place code

A

the brain uses information about the relative activity of hair cells across the whole basilar membrane to help determine the pitch you hear

229
Q

Temporal code

A

the brain uses the timing of the action potentials in the auditory nerve to help determine the pitch you hear

230
Q

Haptic perception

A

active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands

231
Q

Tactile receptive field

A

Each receptor is sensitive to a small patch of skin

232
Q

referred pain

A

sensory information from internal and external areas converges on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord

233
Q

gate-control theory

A

signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped, or gated, by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from the skin or from the brain

234
Q

proprioception

A

your sense of body position

235
Q

vestibular system

A

three fluid-filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear

236
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons

A

receptor cells that transduce odourant molecules into neural impulses (in olfactory epithelium)

237
Q

olfactory bulb

A

a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes

238
Q

pheromones

A

biochemical odourants emitted by other members of an animal’s species that can affect its behaviour or physiology

239
Q

Direct criterion

A

(signal detection theory-if something is present or not) hit, miss, false alarm and correct rejection

240
Q

Frontal lobe

A

performs tasks that help make us fully human: thinking, planning, judging, perceiving, and behaving purposefully and voluntarily.

Psych 1020 (4 decks)

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