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Psych 1020 > Psych Vocab > Flashcards

Psych Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Empirical method

A

information acquired by observation or experimentation

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2
Q

Systemic Pursuit

A

scientists try to be objective and not subjective when putting together an experiment group and recording observations

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3
Q

The scientific method is… (3)

A
  1. Falsifiable
    2.Testable
    3.Replicable
    a procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts
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4
Q

Falsifiable

A

ability to test predictions (hypothesis)

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5
Q

Testable

A

The phenomenon can be measured

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6
Q

Replicable

A

The results of testing can be verified

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7
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of the interconnectedness of the mind and the brain. The mental events create unique and individual patterns of neural activation throughout the brain.

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8
Q

Functionalism

A

an approach to psychology that emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes

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9
Q

Structuralism

A

which was an approach to psychology that attempted to isolate and analyze the mind’s basic elements.

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10
Q

Empiricism

A

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

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11
Q

Scientific method

A

procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts

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12
Q

Theories

A

hypothetical explanations of natural phenomena

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13
Q

Hypothesis

A

a falsifiable prediction made by a theory

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14
Q

Empirical method

A

gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience

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15
Q

Operational definition

A

a description of a property in measurable terms

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16
Q

Construct validity

A

the extent to which a test/experiment adequately characterizes the property

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17
Q

Construct validity

A

the extent to which a videocamera aimed at a face adequately characterizes the property (to how well a test or tool measures the construct that it was designed to measure)

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18
Q

Demand characteristics

A

aspects of an observational setting that causes people to behave as they think others want/expect

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19
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

a technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments

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20
Q

Observers bias

A

the tendency for observers expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed

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21
Q

Double-blind study

A

a study where neither the researcher or participant knows how the participants are expected to behave

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22
Q

Sample

A

a partial collection of people or animals or things drawn from a population

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23
Q

frequency distribution

A

graphic representation showing the number of times that the measurement of a property takes on each of its own possible values

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24
Q

Negatively skewed

A

lean more to the right in a graph

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25
Q

Positively skewed

A

lean more to the left in a graph

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26
Q

Normal distribution

A

A mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions

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27
Q

Normal distribution

A

A mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions. Often called ‘bell curve’

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28
Q

Central tendency

A

Approximate location of the midpoint of a frequency distribution

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29
Q

Variability tendency

A

Statements about the extent to which the measurements in a fre. dis. differ from each other

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30
Q

Mean

A

the average value of all the measurements

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31
Q

Median

A

the value that is in the middle (x< or = half the measurements and x> or = to half the measurements

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32
Q

Mode

A

the value of the most frequently observed measurement

33
Q

Range

A

the value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement

34
Q

Standard deviation

A

a statistic describing how each of the measurements in a frequency distribution differs from the mean (simpler terms: how far, on average the various measurements are from the center of distribution)

35
Q

Independent variable

A

variable that is manipulated within the experiment

36
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is measured in an experiment

37
Q

Control group

A

participants who do not receive the experimental treatment. Members receive either no intervention at all or some established intervention.

38
Q

Experimental group

A

the group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable. These participants receive or are exposed to a manipulation of the independent variable.

39
Q

Random assignment

A

a procedure that assigns participants to a condition by chance

40
Q

Correlation

A

variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with the variations in the value of the other

41
Q

Variables

A

properties that can take on different values

42
Q

Positive correlation

A

when a “more-is-more” relationship exists between two variables

43
Q

Negative correlation

A

when a “more-is-less” relationship exists between two variables

44
Q

Correlational Coefficient (r)

A

is a mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation, and it is symbolized by the letter r

45
Q

Natural correlation

A

the correlations we observe in the world around us

46
Q

Third-variable problem

A

refers to the fact that the natural correlation between two variables cannot be taken as evidence of a causal relationship between them because a third variable might be causing them both

47
Q

Behaviorism

A

an approach to psychology that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behaviour

48
Q

Introspection

A

the analysis of subjective experience by trained observers to identify mental processes

49
Q

Natural Selection

A

the process by which the specific attributes that promote an organism’s survival and reproduction become more prevalent in the population over time

50
Q

Learning by association

A

when 2 stimuli co-occur together, our automatic response to one stimulus gets transferred to the other

51
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

a therapy that aims to give people insight into the contents of their unconscious minds

52
Q

Dream analysis

A

looking for issues in dreams if the patient is having problems

53
Q

Free association

A

saying whatever comes to mind first when showed something

54
Q

Unconscious ID

A

unaccepted memories, desires, instincts and general repression

55
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

is the study of human information-processing

56
Q

Gestalt

A

The brain uses “educated guesses” to organize data bits together and making meaningful exploitations (Our minds fill in the blanks using preexisting knowledge, our best guesses of things)

57
Q

Classical conditioning

A

stimulus–>response

unconscious reaction that happens when an automatic conditioned response is paired with a specific stimulus

58
Q

Operant conditioning

A

punishment or reinforcement

a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior

59
Q

law of effect

A

any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated Edward Thorndike (1898)

60
Q

Nativism

A

the view that some knowledge is innate rather than acquired

61
Q

Hysteria

A

a loss of function that has no obvious physical origin. What could possibly explain it

62
Q

Unconscious

A

the part of the mind that contains information of which people are not aware

63
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

is a general theory that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

64
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

an approach to psychology that emphasized the way in which the mind creates perceptual experience

65
Q

Developmental psychology

A

which is the study of the ways in which psychological phenomena change over the life span

66
Q

Social psychology

A

which is the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

67
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the ways in which the human mind has been shaped by natural selection

68
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

which is the study of the relationship between the brain and the mind (especially in humans)

69
Q

Behavioral neuroscience

A

the study of the relationship between the brain and behavior (especially in non-human animals)

70
Q

Cultural psychology

A

the study of how culture influences mental life

71
Q

Experimentation

A

a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables

72
Q

Manipulation

A

a technique for determining the causal power of a variable by actively changing its value

73
Q

Self-selection

A

is a problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines the participant’s condition

74
Q

Internal Validity

A

an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships

75
Q

External Validity

A

an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way

76
Q

Replication

A

an experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population

77
Q

Type I error

A

when researchers conclude that there is a relationship between two variables when in fact there is not

78
Q

Type II error

A

when researchers conclude that there is not a relationship between two variables when in fact there is

Psych 1020 (4 decks)

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