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are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost one or
more electrons, resulting to become electrically charged and
highly reactive atoms.
Ions
These are positively charged ions that have lost
one or more electrons.
Cations:
These are negatively charged ions that have gained
one or more electrons.
Anions:
are a set of values used to describe the
properties of electrons in atoms, such as their energy, shape,
and spatial orientation. They are essential for understanding
the behavior of electrons and the structure of atoms.
Quantum numbers
Atoms of the same elements that have the same number of
of protons and electrons but have different number of
neutrons.
Isotopes
distance of electrons from nucleus
principle
shape of the orbital
azimuthal
orientation of electric spin
spin
orientation of orbital
magnetic
is a fundamental
concept in chemistry used to determine
the electron configuration of atoms. It
states that electrons occupy orbitals in
order of increasing energy, starting with the
lowest energy orbital available.
The Aufbau principle
Each value of l corresponds
to a specific subshell within a
given shell, such as s (l=0), p
(l=1), d (l=2), and so on.
Angular Momentum Quantum Number
It determines the electron’s energy level, with
higher values corresponding to higher
energies.
This specifies the energy of an
electron and the size of the orbitals
and its distance away from the
nucleus.
All orbitals that have the same value
of n are said to be in the same level.
Principal Quantum
Number or Main Energy
Level
It defines the spatial orientation of an orbital within a
subshell.
Magnetic Quantum Number
are a helpful tool for
visualizing the arrangement of electrons
within an atom. They provide a clear
representation of electron configuration,
illustrating the distribution of electrons in
various orbitals.
Orbital diagrams
Indicates the energy level of the electron.
Shell Number (n)
