Test Flashcards
Types of biodiversity
Genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity
Genetic Diversity
Definition: the sum of all the different forms (i.e. alleles) of genes present in a particular species
Species Diversity
Definition: the variety and relative abundance of species in a given area (i.e. an ecosystem)
Ecosystem Diversity
Definition: a diverse range of habitats, the organisms that live in those habitats, and the relationships that connect them
Naming of organisms - bionomial nomenclature - know what the parts of the names mean and the proper format they should be written in
Genus species
Names are Latin/Greek
If handwritten, then scientific name is underlined: Homo sapiens
Taxonomic classification - (Domain –> species) - know the order. Remember its a hierarchy. Organisms share characteristics with others in any taxon above them
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (subspecies)
Difference between prokaryotes vs eukaryotes - features of each (subject to change)
-** Prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria, archaea): **
Lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
Have a single, often circular chromosome in the nucleoid region.
Possess a cell wall made of peptidoglycans.
Contain ribosomes for protein synthesis.
May have additional DNA in plasmids.
**- Eukaryotes (e.g., plants, animals, fungi): **
Have a true nucleus enclosed by a double membrane.
Contain linear chromosomes with histone proteins.
Possess membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts).
Have a more complex internal structure.
Size:
Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller (about 1–5 μm) than eukaryotic cells (about 10–100 μm).
Cell Division:
Prokaryotes divide via binary fission.
Eukaryotic cells divide via mitosis (or budding/meiosis in some cases).
Examples:
Prokaryotes: Bacteria, archaea.
Eukaryotes: Protists, fungi, plants, animals (including humans).
Viruses - structure of a virus;
**Structure of a virus **
A protective protein coat, or capsid
Genetic material ( DNA or RNA ) inside of the capsid
Some viruses have another layer covering their capsid known as a viral envelope
Viruses - ; why it is not considered a cell; l
Viruses are functionally dependent on host cells
Viruses are acellular because they do not consist of cells
Viruses have no cytoplasm, organelles, cell membranes
Viruses - ; lytic vs lysogenic cycle;
a) lytic cycle
1. Attachment - virus attaches to surface of host cell
2. Penetration - The viral DNA/RNA enters the host cell
3. (Bio) Synthesis - viral proteins components are made by host cell
4. Assembly - virus assembled
5. Lysis (Breaks open) - The Cell lyses, releasing the newly made viruses
b) CHECK Lysogenic Cycle
Virus remains dormant
Virus does not kill cell outright
Viruses - why antibiotics won’t work against viruses
Unlike diseases caused by bacteria, viral diseases cannot be treated by antibiotics as viruses have no cellular machinery
Bacteria - shapes & arrangements,
Variety of shapes include:
■ Spherical = cocci
■ Rod-shaped = bacilli
■ Spiral shaped = spirilli
Variety of arrangements include:
■ Diplo = paired
■ Staphylo = clusters
■ Strepto = chains
Bacteria - reproduction (binary fission & conjugation);
A) Binary Fission
■ Asexual reproduction
■ Results in 2 genentically identical cells
■ DNA replicates
■ Cell growth
■ Cell membrane pinches in Middle
B) Conjugation
■ ‘Sexual’ Reproduction
■ Bacterial cells temporarily join via a mating bridge to exchange genetic material
■ Plasmids are exchanged (separate rings of DNA from cell’s main chromosome)
Bacteria - ; cell wall formation
Functions:
■Provides structure and protection
■Maintains shape of cell
Peptidoglycan:
■Major component of cell wall
■Made of polymers of carbohydrates and amino acids
(Eu)bacteria vs Archaea - what makes them different (cell wall structure; where they live)
Different cell wall structure from bacteria
Archaea doesn’t haven’t peptidoglycan
Archaea live in extreme environments
