Test Flashcards
Adult Pulse
60-80 bpm
Child Pulse
80-100 bpm
Rapid and weak pulse indicates
Shock, bleeding, diabetic coma, and/or heat exhaustion
rapid but strong pulse indicates
heat stroke and/or severe fright
No pulse indicates
cardiac arrest and/or death
2 most convenient sites for taking the pulse
neck (carotid artery) and the wrist (radial artery) is
adult respiration
12-20 breaths per minute
child respirations
20-25 breaths per minute
shallow breathing indicates
shock
measurement for respirations is taken by
watching, feeling and counting the rise and fall of chest
oral temp
98.6 F
rectal temp
99.6 F
ancillary temp
97.6 F
hot, dry skin indicates
disease, infection, and/or over exposure to environmental heat
cool, clammy skin is an indicator
trauma, shock, and/or heat exhaustion
cool and dry skin is displayed because of…
overexposure to cold
irregular or gasping breath
cardiac related
red skin color
heat stroke, diabetic coma, and/or high blood pressure
white skin color
insufficient circulation, shock, fright, hemorrhage, heat exhaustion, and/or insulin shock
blue skin
circulated blood is poorly oxygenated
constricted pupils
injury to the central nervous system and/or intake of depressant drug
dilated pupils
head injury, shock, heat stroke, hemorrhage, and/or intake of a stimulate drug
failing pupils to light
brain injury, intake of alcohol, or drug poisonion
PEARL
Pupils Equal And Reactive to Light
Evaluation of LOC
Athlete’s mental awareness
Memory and ability to recall
Response to commands (direction, events, etc.)
AVPU
Alert
Verbal
Responds to Pain
Unresponsive
4 basic patterns of movement
Active
Passive
Assistive
Resistive
Nerve stimulation
check for motor and sensory to determine if affected area has nerve damage
normal blood pressure
120/80
systolic
when the heart contract
diastolic
as the heart relaxes
Team physician
to be available when emergency situations arise
physicals
clearing players to return to activity
BOC Certified Athletic Trainer
Prevention
clinical education and diagnosis
immediate care
treatment, rehabilitation, and conditioning
organization and administration
professional responsibility
BOC Certified Athletic Trainer
Prevention
clinical education and diagnosis
immediate care
treatment, rehabilitation, and conditioning
organization and administration
professional responsibility
Athletes
responsibility to maintain good physical condition
practice techniques taught by coaches
parents
assist in keeping athlete healthy and are updated about injury or illness. Should be provided with info on nutrition and recommend home treatments. If athlete is a minor, AT should alert parents immediately
officials
responsible for enforcing fair rules, monitoring playing conditions, and cooperating with AT and physician
coaches
Must plan practices that include conditioning and training of athletes and teach techniques and rules of sport.
Practices must be of reasonable duration, taking skill level, fatigue, and environmental conditions into consideration. Selecting, fitting, and maintaining protective equipment. Supervision of practice and game facilities must be reviewed by coaching staff. Must update education by attending clinics, review rule change, skill development, first aid/ CPR. Athletes wellbeing is 1st. Works close with team physician and BOC certified AT.
Athletic Training Student
Defined by interest , experience in allied healthcare, desire to gain knowledge of profession. Start with maintaining a clean athletic training area/facility. Other duties include inventory control, keeping track of supplies and equipment, and communication to head trainer. Should have checklist for practice, games, or road trips. Packing kits and other preparation activities. Preparing an sport/electrolyte drink or water. Documenting weight before and after practice. Recording for daily treatments. Treatments such as taping, wrapping,
changing dressings,giving minor treatments, and first aid procedures
Physical Rehabilitation program goal
To return the injured athlete to pre-injury levels of strength, power, endurance, flexibility, and confidence as quickly and safely as possible
Rehab program focuses on…
injured body part
what happens when and if an athlete returns to activity without undergoing physical rehabilitation
could become re-injured
aggressive rehab program will require
particular exercise program by athlete at a level slightly lower than what causes pain
5 phases of physical rehabilitation that need to be addressed-
post surgical/acute injury
early exercise
intermediate exercise
advanced exercise
initial sports re entry
along with exercise, AT must also deal with…
decreasing pain
effusion
inflammatory response to trauma
returning an athlete to a pain-free active range of motion will increase…
muscular strength, power, and endurance to anatomical structure
4 basic components of any physical rehab program are…
therapeutic exercise
therapeutic modalities
athletic education
goal setting
when determining purpose of an exercise, always consider…
joint range of motion, muscular strength, power, endurance, balance, proprioception, kinesthetic awareness, and cardiovascular fitness
progressive resistive exercises are used to increase
muscular strength, power, and endurance
Purpose of Taping and wrapping
Primary: to provide additional support, stability, and compression for affected body part.
Taping and wrapping techniques can be applied to…
Shorten the muscles angle of pull
Decrease joint range of motion
Secure pads, bandages and protective devices
Apply compression to aid in controlling swelling
Taping: prep removal of hair
The athlete should shave the affected body part. This ensures a good solid foundation for the tape, will allow for easy tape removal, and will reduce skin irritation
Taping prep: spray adherent
Spray the affected area with an adherent to aid adhesive quality
Taping prep- skin lubricants
In areas of high friction or sensitivity, a skin lubricant such as heel and lace pad will help reduce the possibility of irritation
Taping prep- underwrap
Foam wrap used to hold heel and lace pads in place. Use of underwrap over entire taping area can compromise stability of taping technique
Common terminology for the wraps are…
Spica, figure of eight, and pad support.
Spica wraps
Traditionally employed at the hip and shoulder joints.
Traditionally employed at the hip and shoulder joints.
Placed over ankle, knee, elbow, and wrist, and hand joints.
Supportive wraps
Aid in securing pads after proper placement of felt, foam rubber, and protective devices.
What does PRICES stand for?
Protection
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Support
What kind of pattern is used when applying a compression wrap?
Spiral
Compression wrapping process
Start distal to injury, cross injured joint, and finish proximal to affected area.
How does elevation assist in a compression wrap?
Assists in moving fluids out of injured area.
When should compression wraps take place?
Every 4 hours.
When applying supportive techniques to an athlete you should…
Be aware of specific rules for that particular sport.
Be aware of specific rules for that particular sport…
Prevent an injury and to protect injured anatomical structures from firth aggravation.
Protective device can be applied to add…
Additional protection, support, stability, and compression.
How are braces and special devices are beneficial?
If are intelligently selected, used within the rules and guidelines of specific sport.
Foam
used in conjunction with various taping/wrapping procedures to increase efficacy of technique.
things to keep in mind about foam is…
proper size, thickness, shape, and foam composition
thermoplastic
can allow the injured athlete to return to practice and or competition with an increased awareness that the injury will be protected.
because the hardness of thermoplastic…
may be restricted from some sports
limited to a certain body part
require padding according to guidelines
Felt
applied by same criteria as foam.
factors to be considered in construction and application of felt pad are…
size, thickness, and use of either adhesive or non-adhesive felt.
in the construction of a special pad, the following criteria should be considered…
1- does the pad meet specific rules and guidelines of sport?
2- does the pad perform the function for which it was designed?
3- will the pad contribute to further injury to the area or to an adjacent area?
4- Will the pad alter the function or void the warranty of a manufactured piece of equipment (i.e., helmet, shoulder pads)
Blisters
most often found on the feet.
as the layers of skin rub together, friction causes separation. The body responds with fluid formation. The fluid causes pressure on nerve endings- perceived as pain.
what happens when a blister is neglected?
may break and causes a open wound.
ankle sprains
range from muscle strains and ligament strains to dislocations and fractures.
range from muscle strains and ligament strains to dislocations and fractures.
combination of excessive inversion and plantar flexion.
ligament most often injured in an ankle sprain
anterior talofibular
why are ankle taping most preventive of inversion sprain?
because sprains are mostly lateral.
Which is less common? Eversion or Inversion.
Eversion
Medial side of ankle is the…
Deltoid ligament
Deltoid Ligament
Helps prevent excessive eversion or turning of the heel outward movement.
Categories of sprains
First degree, second degree, or third degree.
First degree sprain
One or more of supporting ligaments and surrounding tissues are stretched. Minor discomfort, point tenderness, little to know swelling. No abnormal movement in the joint to indicate lack of stability.
Second degree sprain
A portion of one or more ligaments are torn. There is slight pain, swelling, point tenderness, disability and loss of function. There is slight abnormal movement in the joint. The athlete may not be able to walk normally and will favor the injured leg.
Assumption of Risk
knowing of risk and still taking the chance.
Commission
Authorization; act of giving authority to an individual to do the right thing
Omission
Not doing the right thing
HIPPA
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Informed Consent
permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences
Liability
Legal responsibility
Malpractice
Failure by a health professional to meet accepted standards
Title IX
A law that bans gender discrimination in schools that receive federal funds
Sagittal Plane
A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.
Frontal Plane
Divides the body into front and back portions.
Transverse Plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Superior
Toward the head
Inferior
Lower on the body, farther from the head
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
Medial
Toward the midline
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Distal
Farther from the trunk of the body
Proximal
Nearer to the trunk of the body
Nearer to the trunk of the body
Near the surface
Ventral
Belly side
Dorsal
Back
Prone
Lying face down
Supine
Supine
Unilateral
One sided
Bi-lateral
Both sides
Flexion
Bending a body part
Extension
Straightening of a joint
Hyperextension
Extension beyond anatomical position
Abduction
Movement away from the midline
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Pronation
Palm down
Supination
Palm up
Retraction
Moving a part backward
Protraction
Moving a part forward
Elevation
Raising a part
Depression
Lowering a part
External Rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
Internal Rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
Lateral flexion
Side bending left or right
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward
Eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
Dorsiflexion
Toes up
Plantarflexion
Pointing toes
Radial Deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side
Ulnar Deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side
Opposition
Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
Ability of heart to provide oxygen to muscles during physical activity for prolonged period of time
Muscular Endurance
the ability of your muscles to perform physical tasks over a period of time without tiring
Power
Rate at which work is done, Fast and quick FxD/T
Speed
The distance an object travels per unit of time
Strength
The ability of your muscles to exert a force.
Adaption
Any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment
Overload
Working the body harder than it is normally worked
Specificity
Choosing the right types of activities to improve a given element of fitness
Periodization
Division of a training program into smaller, progressive stages
V02 Max
is the measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense, or maximal exercise. It is measured as milliliters of oxygen used in one minute per kilogram of body weight
Harvard Step test
is a type of cardiac stress test for detecting and diagnosing cardiovascular disease. It also is a good measurement of fitness and a person’s ability to recover after a strenuous exercise. The more quickly the heart rate returns to resting, the better shape the person is in.
Harvard Step test
is a type of cardiac stress test for detecting and diagnosing cardiovascular disease. It also is a good measurement of fitness and a person’s ability to recover after a strenuous exercise. The more quickly the heart rate returns to resting, the better shape the person is in.
12 minute run test
The 12-minute run fitness test was developed by Dr. Ken Cooper in 1968 as an easy way to measure aerobic fitness and provide an estimate of VO2 max for military personnel. The Cooper Test, as it’s also known, is still used today as a field test for determining aerobic fitness.
Aerobic Exercise
Aerobic Exercise
Anaerobic Exercise
Intense physical activity that requires little oxygen but uses short bursts of energy
Interval training
alternating periods of high intense exercise interspersed with periods of rest
Target Heart rate
maximum HR is 220 minus your age, Target HR is 50-85% of max. HR
acclimation
gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment
acclimation
gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment
slow twitch muscle fibers
low force, long duration, aerobic (Red)
fast twitch muscle fibers
high force, short duration, anaerobic (white)
Isometric contraction
Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length
Isotonic contraction
muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load
Isokinetic contraction
muscle generates force at a constant speed through full range of motion
Eccentric contraction
A type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle lengthening while producing tension.
concentric contraction
muscle shortens as it maintains tension
closed chain exercise
a move where the distal segments of the body are fixed on a surface (squat) “Ground Base”
open chain exercise
exercise in which a distal segment of the body moves freely in space
Plyometric exercise
Works on the explosiveness of muscle associated with fast powerful and ballistic movement
flexibility
the ability to move a body part through a full range of motion
static stretching
stretching characterized by slow and sustained muscle lengthening
ballistic stretching
rapid bouncing movements
dynamic stretching
controlled stretches recommended prior to beginning an activity
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
PNF
Stretching techniques that involve combinations of alternating contractions and stretches
food guide pyramid
a guide for making healthful daily food choices
Nutrients
Substances in food that your body needs to grow, to repair itself, and to supply you with energy
carbohydrates
the starches and sugars present in foods
proteins
nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues
Female Athlete Triad
disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis
Ergogenic Aid
A product used in an attempt to enhance performance, including some food supplements.
Stimulants
Drugs that speed up the central nervous system
Narcotics
Specific drugs that are obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain
Narcotics
Specific drugs that are obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain
Anabolic Steroids
Drugs that mimic the male sex hormone testosterone and promote bone and muscle growth
Diuretics
Drugs that elevate the rate of bodily urine excretion
Human Growth Hormone
hGH
Hormone produced in the pituitary gland and is released to regulate growth.
Anesthetics
Drugs that kill pain, with or without producing loss of consciousness
Creatine
supplement used to build muscle mass by making more ATP
Avulsions
When skin or tissue is partly or completely torn away.
Tnea
Ring worm
Impetigo
a contagious bacterial skin infection forming pustules and yellow, crusty sores.
MRSA
bacteria “Super Bug”
Stages of Depression after a injury
Denial,Anger,Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance
