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Anatomy > TEST > Flashcards

TEST Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between prone and supine?

A

Prone is laying face down and supine is laying on the spine (up)

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2
Q

What is the difference between deep and superficial

A

Deep is further away from the surface of the body(away) While superficial is closer(towards)

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3
Q

Why is it a good thing to have and refer to the body in an anatomical position

A

Provides a clear and consistent way of describing human anatomy and physiology

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4
Q

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
Divides the body into the left and right sides?
Divides the body into the superior and inferior sides?

A

corrinal plane
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane

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5
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Creates keratin

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6
Q

Merkel cells

A

Responsible for the detection of touch

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7
Q

Melanocytes

A

Makes melanin

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8
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Responsible for the immune response in the skin

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9
Q

Adipocytes

A

Are the fat cells that is used as cushioning for vital organs

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10
Q

Nerve cells

A

Transmit information to and from the nervous system

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11
Q

Stem cells

A

Differenticate all other layers of skins

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12
Q

What are the 4 functions of the integumentary system

A

Physical protection against the environment, thermoregulation, vitamin D production, Detection of stimuli (touch, temp, etc).

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13
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the integumentary system, from superficial to deep

A

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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14
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis, from superficial to deep? Cells that are found in each layer.

A

Stratum corneum- dead keratinocytes
Stratum Lucidum- Keratinocytes
Stratum Granulosum- Mature keratinocytes
Stratum spinosum- Immature keratinocytes, Langerhans cells
Stratum Bastle - Stem cells melanocytes, Merkel cells

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15
Q

What are the 2 things that the dermal papillae provide?

A

Helps regenerate hair follicles, gives unique ridge patterns

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16
Q

What are the differences between thick and thin skin?

A

The thin skin has only 4 layers while the thick skin has 5. Thin skin is seen everywhere in palms and soles except the palms and soles, Thick skin is only seen in the palms and soles.

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17
Q

What is a squamous cell?

A

These are flat and round cells in the upper(outer) part of the epidermis, located in the stratum granulosum.

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18
Q

The first two most superficial layers of the epidermis are full of dead cells. What is the function of these dead cells?

A

Protect you from harm, including abrasions, light, heat and pathogens.

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19
Q

What is the function of the arrector pili muscles? Where are they found?

A

Smooth muscles that can cause hairs to stand when cold/scared (goosebumps). they are found in the dermis base of the hair follicle.

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20
Q

What are the differences between merocrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

A

Apocrine- produces smelly sweat.
Merocrine- produces non-smelly sweat.
Apocrine glands can be found only in the groin, nipples, and armpits
Merocrine glands can befound everwhere

21
Q

What is the function of the following protein fibers: Collagen

A

The proteins provide structural support, Main support is collagen, and run parallel to each other

22
Q

Elastic

A

Provides extra elasticity to the layer

23
Q

Reticular

A

A woven mesh that provides additional support

24
Q

Unlike the lower half of the dermis, the upper half contains

A

All glands, hair follicles, blood vessels nerve.

25
Q

What is the difference between how quickly injuries heal and how large of a scar is left when the lines of cleavage are cut perpendicular vs parallel?

A

Collagen fibers in the reticular layer run parallel to one another, this creates lines of cleavage
They break the collagen fibers, pulling apart the wound, and making it more difficult for healing to occur

26
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete and what is the purpose of this secretion?

A

sebaceous glands secrete sebum and its purpose is to soften and lubricate the hair and skin

27
Q

How do pimples form?

A

Pimples form when sebaceous glands become clogged and infected, leading to swollen leasions filled with pus.

28
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic injuries?

A

Acute injuries tend to heal quickly and without complications while chronic injuries take longer and usually have some complications associated with them.

29
Q

1st-degree burns

A

Superficial and only affect the epidermis, quick healing, no scars, redness pain, and swelling

30
Q

2nd-degree burns

A

affects the epidermis and some of the dermis but does not affect blood vessels or neurons, 1st deg burn, and the formation of blisters

31
Q

3rd-degree burns

A

Affects the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis and destroys the blood vessels and neurons, lots of scarring, blackened, and numbed skin. Burn is highly susceptible to infections and gangre. Can lead to amputations or death.

32
Q

3rd-degree burns

A

Affects the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis and destroys the blood vessels and neurons, Lots of scarring, and blackened and numbed skin. Burn is highly susceptible to infections and gangrene. Can lead to amputations or death.

33
Q

Abrasions

A

Occur when skin gets scraped or sanded off, usually no scarring if not too deep

34
Q

Avulsions

A

Occur when skin gets peeled off, the skin can be reattached and scarring can occur

35
Q

Lacerations

A

Are caused by blunt force trauma, and tend to scar due to the jagged edge, left by the injury.

36
Q

Incisions

A

Are caused by clean cuts made by tools such as scalpels, scarring varies due to the lines of cleavage

37
Q

Punctures

A

Occur when a sharp object is stabbed into the body- the wound is deeper than wide. Risk of infection due to the skin healing quicker than the rest. Small scars.

38
Q

Detail the stages of healing.- stage one

A

[inflammatory response] Occurs immediately after the injury has occurred. Gets red and swells.)- Feels warm on touch(to kill pathogens). Sends pain signals to inform the body that an injury has occurred.

39
Q

Stage 2 of healing

A

Clotting, Platelets in the blood are activated to form a clot that stops bleeding, and forms scabs to fill gaps. macrophages brighten in to consume and destroy microorganisms or debris.

40
Q

stage 3 of healing

A

Regeneration of the dermis: if needed, Collagen gets massed and produced to help fix the dermis, scabs get broken down, and vessels self-repair.

41
Q

Stage 4 of healing

A

Large amounts of collagen will push deeper into the skin toward the surface. Forms scars. Tend to have very few glands, follicles, and blood vessels.

42
Q

UV-A UV-B UV-C

A

UV-A - High wavelength, not blocked by the ozone, and penetrates the deepest into the skin
UV-B- Medium wavelength, some of it is blocked by the ozone, but most still get through.
UV-C- Low wavelength, easily blocked by ozone layer

43
Q

UV-A UV-B UV-C

A

UV-A - High wavelength, not blocked by the ozone, and penetrates the deepest into the skin
UV-B- Medium wavelength, some of it is blocked by the ozone, but most still get through.
UV-C- Low wavelength, easily blocked by the ozone layer

44
Q

Why are Uv rays necessary for good health

A

Exposure to vitamin D

45
Q

Example -Short term VS long term damage to the skin

A

short term- Sunburn damage, redness, and swelling
Long term- cancer, premature aging of the skin (wrinkles)

46
Q

Difference between a malignant and a benign tumor

A

Malignant rumors have the potential to spread and cause harm
Benign tumors won’t spread/ harm the body long term

47
Q

Metastasis

A

Is when a cancerous cell spreads

48
Q

What is the difference between the 3 different kinds of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma- affects stratum basale, the most common form of cancer, a waxy bump, generally not metastatic(spreading)
Squamous cell carcinoma- affects the epidermal layers, 2nd most common type of skin cancer. The high chance of metastasis(spreading) appears firm red and flat
Melanomas- are the most dangerous of the three being the rarest. Affects the melanocytes, high chance of metastasis, and with low survival rate. Appears as a mole

49
Q

spf

A

sum protection factor

Anatomy (4 decks)

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