Test Flashcards
Describe Short Bones
- Short bones are composed of a spongy type of tissue with a thin hard surface.
- They tend to be round in shape and they allow the large range of movement possible at the wrist and ankle.
List 2 Examples of Short Bones
Carpals and Tarsals.
Describe Flat Bones
- Flat bones have broad, smooth surfaces and their main function is the protection of vital organs.
- They also provide large areas for the attachment of muscles.
List 3 examples of flat bones
Cranium (protects the brain), the scapula (protects organs in the chest cavity) and the pelvis (protects organs in the abdominal area).
Describe Irregular Bones
- Irregular bones are of varying shapes, reinforced in areas where additional strength is needed.
List an example of an irregular bone
Vertebrae of the spinal column.
What are the two sections the human skeleton can be divided into?
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Define Axial Skeleton
Made up of the skull, the spine and the thorax, which form the basic central structure to support the remainder of the skeleton.
Define Appendicular Skeleton
Made up of the bones of the arms, legs, and shoulder and pelvic girdles, which support the limbs and attach them to the body.
What are the three anatomical planes?
- Sagittarius or lateral plane
- Frontal or coronal plane
- Transverse or axial plane
Define Sagittal Plane
- This plane passes vertically through the body and divides it into right and left portions.
- Flexion and extension movement patterns, such as biceps curl and sit-ups, occur within this plane.
Define Frontal Plane
- This plane also extends vertically but is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back).
- Abduction and adduction movement patterns (e.g. cartwheel) and spinal lateral flexion (e.g. side bend) occur in this plane.
Define Transverse Plane
- This plane passes across the body, dividing it into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
- Rotational movement patterns, such as pronation, supination and spinal rotation, occur within this plane (e.g. hammer throw, discus, pirouette).
Define Degree of Freedom (df)
Describes the type and amount of movement structurally allowed by the joint itself.
Define one df
Indicates that the joint allows the segment to move through one plane of motion, for example, the elbow - only allows flexion and extension in the sagittal plane.
Define two df
Indicates that the joint allows the segment to move through two planes of motion, for example, the knee - allows flexion and extension in the sagittal plane and limited circumduction in the transverse plane.
Define three df
Indicates that the joint allows the segment to move through three planes of motion, for example, the shoulder - allows flexion and extension in the sagittal plane, abduction and adduction in the frontal plane and rotation in the transverse plane.
List the major functions of the muscular system.
- Create movement
- Maintain posture
- Maintain bodily functions.
Define atrophy
Wasting of muscles as a result of inactivity over a period of time.
Define Hypertrophy
Increase in size of muscles as a result of increased activity.
Define Biomechanics
Biomechanics is a branch of sports science that examines the internal and external forces acting on the body, and the effects produced by these forces, that is, how these forces affect performance.
How can understanding biomechanics assist in enhancing performance?
- Helping coaches to make modifications based on the athlete’s body shape in order to improve performance.
- Providing guidelines for the selection of appropriate equipment to suit an individual’s body size and shape in order to achieve optimal performance.
- Reducing the incidence of overuse or impact injuries, by promoting an understanding of the force absorption requirements of specific skills.
List the types of biochemical analysis
- Lab Testing
- Field Testing
- Competition analysis
Describe Lab Testing
An athlete’s performance is stimulated under laboratory conditions so that various factors can be controlled. This allows equipment to be set up close to the athletes or the performance.
