Test

Question 1

Describe Short Bones

Answer 1

• Short bones are composed of a spongy type of tissue with a thin hard surface.
• They tend to be round in shape and they allow the large range of movement possible at the wrist and ankle.

Question 2

List 2 Examples of Short Bones

Answer 2

Carpals and Tarsals.

Question 3

Describe Flat Bones

Answer 3

• Flat bones have broad, smooth surfaces and their main function is the protection of vital organs.
• They also provide large areas for the attachment of muscles.

Question 4

List 3 examples of flat bones

Answer 4

Cranium (protects the brain), the scapula (protects organs in the chest cavity) and the pelvis (protects organs in the abdominal area).

Question 5

Describe Irregular Bones

Answer 5

• Irregular bones are of varying shapes, reinforced in areas where additional strength is needed.

Question 6

List an example of an irregular bone

Answer 6

Vertebrae of the spinal column.

Question 7

What are the two sections the human skeleton can be divided into?

Answer 7

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Question 8

Define Axial Skeleton

Answer 8

Made up of the skull, the spine and the thorax, which form the basic central structure to support the remainder of the skeleton.

Question 9

Define Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 9

Made up of the bones of the arms, legs, and shoulder and pelvic girdles, which support the limbs and attach them to the body.

Question 10

What are the three anatomical planes?

Answer 10

• Sagittarius or lateral plane
• Frontal or coronal plane
• Transverse or axial plane

Question 11

Define Sagittal Plane

Answer 11

• This plane passes vertically through the body and divides it into right and left portions.
• Flexion and extension movement patterns, such as biceps curl and sit-ups, occur within this plane.

Question 12

Define Frontal Plane

Answer 12

• This plane also extends vertically but is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back).
• Abduction and adduction movement patterns (e.g. cartwheel) and spinal lateral flexion (e.g. side bend) occur in this plane.

Question 13

Define Transverse Plane

Answer 13

• This plane passes across the body, dividing it into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
• Rotational movement patterns, such as pronation, supination and spinal rotation, occur within this plane (e.g. hammer throw, discus, pirouette).

Question 14

Define Degree of Freedom (df)

Answer 14

Describes the type and amount of movement structurally allowed by the joint itself.

Question 15

Define one df

Answer 15

Indicates that the joint allows the segment to move through one plane of motion, for example, the elbow - only allows flexion and extension in the sagittal plane.

Question 16

Define two df

Answer 16

Indicates that the joint allows the segment to move through two planes of motion, for example, the knee - allows flexion and extension in the sagittal plane and limited circumduction in the transverse plane.

Question 17

Define three df

Answer 17

Indicates that the joint allows the segment to move through three planes of motion, for example, the shoulder - allows flexion and extension in the sagittal plane, abduction and adduction in the frontal plane and rotation in the transverse plane.

Question 18

List the major functions of the muscular system.

Answer 18

• Create movement
• Maintain posture
• Maintain bodily functions.

Question 19

Define atrophy

Answer 19

Wasting of muscles as a result of inactivity over a period of time.

Question 20

Define Hypertrophy

Answer 20

Increase in size of muscles as a result of increased activity.

Question 21

Define Biomechanics

Answer 21

Biomechanics is a branch of sports science that examines the internal and external forces acting on the body, and the effects produced by these forces, that is, how these forces affect performance.

Question 22

How can understanding biomechanics assist in enhancing performance?

Answer 22

• Helping coaches to make modifications based on the athlete’s body shape in order to improve performance.
• Providing guidelines for the selection of appropriate equipment to suit an individual’s body size and shape in order to achieve optimal performance.
• Reducing the incidence of overuse or impact injuries, by promoting an understanding of the force absorption requirements of specific skills.

Question 23

List the types of biochemical analysis

Answer 23

• Lab Testing
• Field Testing
• Competition analysis

Question 24

Describe Lab Testing

Answer 24

An athlete’s performance is stimulated under laboratory conditions so that various factors can be controlled. This allows equipment to be set up close to the athletes or the performance.

Question 25

Describe Field Testing

Answer 25

The athlete’s performance is analysed in training while sustaining a performance in the usual setting. Analysis equipment is set up according to the surroundings.

Question 26

Describe Competition Analysis

Answer 26

Analysis is performed on an athlete while they are performing in an event during competition. This required the analysis equipment to be distanced from the action.

Question 27

List the anatomical movement descriptors.

Answer 27

• Anatomical position
• Body segments
• Joint movements
• Anatomical planes and axes

Question 28

Define Body segments

Answer 28

These are the head, neck, trunk, arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg and foot.

Question 29

Define Motion

Answer 29

Describes the path of a body.

Question 30

Describe Body

Answer 30

Refers to an inanimate (non-living) object, as when we talk talk about the flight of a ball or javelin; or the human body, as a whole (e.g. movement of the body over the high jump bar); or to a part of the human body.

Question 31

What are the three things motion can be described as?

Answer 31

• Linear
• Angular
• General

Question 32

Define Linear motion

Answer 32

• Linear motion takes place when a body moves so that all the parts of the body travel exactly the same distance, in the same direction, in the same time (i.e. at the same speed).
• This motion can be either in a straight or a curved line.

Question 33

What is linear motion measured in?

Answer 33

Linear motion is measured in units of length such as centimetres and metres.

Question 34

Define Angular motion

Answer 34

• Angular motion, also referred to as rotation (circular motion), takes place when a body moves around an axis of rotation.
• All parts of the body travel through the same angle, in the same direction, in the same time; in other words, the whole body, a body segment (e.g. arm, leg) or a piece of sporting equipment moves in a full or part circle.

Question 35

Define the axis of rotation

Answer 35

The axis of rotation is an imaginary line around which a body, or part thereof, rotates.

Question 36

List the 3 axis of rotation

Answer 36

• Vertical or longitudinal axis
• Horizontal or transverse axis
• Medial axis

Question 37

Define Vertical or Longitudinal Axis

Answer 37

Head to toe vertically - rotation is in the transverse plane (e.g. ice skater spinning).

Question 38

Define Horizontal or Transverse Axis

Answer 38

Hip to hip horizontally - rotation in the sagittal plane (e.g. diver completing a somersault).

Question 39

Define Medial Axis

Answer 39

Navel to the small of the back horizontally - rotation is in the frontal plane (e.g. cartwheel).

Question 40

What is angular motion measured in?

Answer 40

Angular motion is typically measured in units of degrees.

Question 41

Define General motion

Answer 41

General motion, the most common form of motion in sporting activities, is a combination of both linear and angular motion.