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PE Studies > P.E. Test > Flashcards

P.E. Test Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomical Position

A

Is the standard reference position used from which all other movements occur. It is assumed to be standing, both feet together, arms by side, and the head and eyes and palms of the hands facing forwards.

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2
Q

Define Posterior

A

Behind the reference point of the structure.

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3
Q

Define Anterior

A

In front of the reference point of the structure.

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4
Q

Define Superior

A

Above the reference point of the structure.

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5
Q

Define Inferior

A

Below the reference point of the structure.

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6
Q

Define Medial

A

Towards the midline of the structure.

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7
Q

Define Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the structure.

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8
Q

Define Proximal. Provide an example

A

Closer to the attachment point of a limb.

E.g. proximal end of humerus

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9
Q

Define Distal. Provide an example

A

Further away from the attachment point of a limb.

E.g. distal end of humerus

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10
Q

Define Superficial

A

Towards the surface of a structure.

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11
Q

Define Deep

A

Further away from the surface of a structure.

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12
Q

Define Flexion

A

Results in joint angle decreasing.

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13
Q

Define Extension

A

Results in joint angle increasing.

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14
Q

Define Rotation. Provide an example

A

A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis.

E.g. The leg rotates on the hip, the head rotates on the neck.

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15
Q

Define Circumduction

A

The circular movement of a limb.

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16
Q

Define Supination

A
  • In the forearm, refers to the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing up.
  • In the foot refers to the outward roll of the foot during normal motion.
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17
Q

Define Pronation

A
  • In the forearm, refers to the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing down.
  • In the foot refers to the inward roll of the foot during normal motion.
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18
Q

Define Doris Flexion

A

Movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg, so that the toes are brought closer to the shin.

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19
Q

Define Plantar Flexion

A

Movement which increases the angle between the foot and the leg, so that the toes are taken further away from the shin.

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20
Q

Define Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body (arms and legs).

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21
Q

Define Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline of the body (arms and legs).

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22
Q

How many bones does the human body consist of?

A

Over 200

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23
Q

What holds the bones together?

A

Held together by tough bands of connective tissue called ligaments.

24
Q

What are the two sections the human skeletal system can be divide into?

A

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

25
Q

State the function of the Axial Skeleton

A

Forms the basic central structure to support the remainder of the skeleton. Also serves to protect many of the vital organs.

26
Q

State the function of the Appendicular skeleton

A

Major role is to assist with movement and includes the major limbs.

27
Q

List what the axial skeleton consists of

A
  • Skull
  • Vertebral Column
  • Thorax
28
Q

List what the Appendicular Skeleton consist of

A
  • Shoulder Girdle
  • Arm
  • Wrist
  • Hand
  • Pelvic Girdle
  • Leg
  • Ankle
  • Foot
29
Q

List the 5 functions of the Skeleton

A
  1. Provides framework for the body and gives it shape
  2. Irregularities on bone surfaces provide attachment points for muscles. When a muscle contracts, the bone it inserts into moves, acting as a lever to help create movement.
  3. Protects vital organs.
  4. Responsible for storing essential minerals such as calcium and phosphorous which contribute to the health and maintenance of bone tissue.
  5. Produces red blood cells (RBC’s) in the bone marrow, particularly during high growth years such as childhood and adolescence.
30
Q

What occurs in the lungs?

A

Gas Exchange

31
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Intercostals: contract
Diaphragm: Contracts
Lung volume: Increases
Air Pressure in Lungs: Decreases

32
Q

What happens during Expiration?

A

Intercostals: Relax
Diaphragm: Relaxes
Lung volume: Decreases
Air pressure in lungs: Increases

33
Q

Define the mechanic of breathing

A

Consist of 2 movements operating on the principal that gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure.

34
Q

What are the two types of breathing?

A
  • Inhalation

- Expiration

35
Q

Define Inhalation (inspiration)

A
  • Volume of lung increases
  • External intercostals muscles contract and internal intercostals muscles relax to lift rib cage up and the diaphragm contracts to become flatter (this causes a bigger surface area and thus an area of low pressure)
  • Air enters the lungs moving from area of high pressure to low pressure.
36
Q

Define Exhalation

A
  • volume of lungs decreases
  • External intercostals muscles relax and internal intercostals muscles contract to lower rib cage and diaphragm relaxes to become dome shaped (this causes a smaller surface area and thus an area of high pressure)
  • Air exits the lungs from an area of high pressure to low.
37
Q

List the 3 main sections of the respiratory system

A
  • Air passages
  • Lungs
  • Diaphragm
38
Q

State the functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs
  2. Provide method of gaseous exchange within the lungs
  3. Create speech as air passes over the vocal cords
  4. Facilitate sense of smell
39
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • Plasma (55%)
  • Red blood cells (45%)
  • White blood cells (<1%)
40
Q

Structure of the circulatory system

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Blood
41
Q

List the function of the blood

A
  1. Transport of nutrients and waste products
  2. Regulation of body’s temperature
  3. Protection of the body
42
Q

List the function of the Blood vessels

A
  • Responsible for carrying blood from the heart, taking it to different parts of the body and then returning it to the heart.
43
Q

List the 3 types of blood vessels

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
44
Q

Define Arteries

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart
  • Blood is pushed through the arteries caused by beating of the heart
  • Flow or surge of blood through the arteries with each heart beat can be felt near the surface of the skin - this is refereed to as the pulse.
45
Q

Define Veins

A
  • Carry blood towards the heart
46
Q

Define Capillaries

A
  • Tiny blood vessel which reach every cell of the body

- Allow the passing of oxygen to tissues and removal of CO2

47
Q

Define Heart

A
  • Muscular pump which contracts continuously to drive blood around the body through the blood vessels
  • About the size of your fist, pear shaped
  • Protected by the ribs, sternum and vertebral column
48
Q

What does the heart consist of

A
  • Heart is separated into 2 sides, consisting of 4 chambers
    1. Left atrium (receives oxygenated blood)
    2. Right atrium (receives deoxygenated blood)
    3. Left ventricle (pumps oxygenated blood)
    4. Right ventricle (pumps deoxygenated blood)
49
Q

What does the cardiac cycle consist of

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation

2. Systemic circulation

50
Q

Define Pulmonary circulation

A
  • Carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back again
  • Right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
  • Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart from the lungs via the pulmonary vein.
51
Q

Define Systemic circulation

A
  • Carries blood from the heart to all parts of the body (except lungs) and back again
  • Left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the aorta.
  • Deoxygenated blood returns from the body to the right side of the heart via the vena cava.
52
Q

List the functions of the circulatory system

A
  1. Circulate blood to body
  2. Transport O2, water and nutrients to cells in the blood
  3. Transport CO2 and wastes away from the cells
  4. Maintain body temperature
  5. White blood cells fight infection
53
Q

Define Fast Twitch

A
  • Rapid contraction speed – used for speed, strength and power based activities
  • High capacity for anaerobic ATP production
  • Fatigue more quickly – no oxygen
  • Generate greater force and more powerful contraction as they are larger than red fibres
    E.g. Sprinter (up to 90% fast twitch)
54
Q

Define Slow Twitch

A
  • Slow contraction speed – used for endurance activities
  • High capacity for aerobic ATP production
  • Fatigue resistant
  • Contract repeatedly for continuous activity
    E.g. Endurance cyclist (up to 80% slow twitch)
55
Q

List the classification of joints

A
  1. Fibrous (immovable)
  2. Cartilaginous (slightly movable)
  3. Synovial (freely movable)
56
Q

Define Fibrous

A
  • No movement at all
  • Primary function is protection
    E.g. bones of the skull, sternum
57
Q

Define Cartiliginous

A

PE Studies (4 decks)

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