Test 1 : Urban mobility solutions and tourism Flashcards
What are some specific urban problems related to climate conditions of cities?
- Biologically active and inactive surfaces
- Radiation balance
- Air pollution
- Anthropogenic heat production → smog warning
- Urban water balance ↕
What is the urban heat island effect?
It refers to the drastic increase in the intensity of surface temperature in cities, which is caused by various factors such as global warming and human activities. For example, Budapest Urban Heat Island Intensity is 0.06 Celsius/year.
What are some possibilities to mitigate the intensity of the urban heat island?
- Mitigate energy consumption
- Establish urban canyons
- Establish green spaces
- Reform of urban transport
- District heating/cooling in small scale
- Sustainable urban planning
What are the advantages of urban vegetation?
- Evapotranspiration
- Energy saving: plantation can reduce summer air conditioning costs typically by 15 to 35%.
- Air movement: green facades influence wind speed and profile.
- Helps mitigate greenhouse effect: leaves absorb CO2
- Green facade protects the wall against meteorological effects
- Psychological and physiological impacts: recovery from stress more rapidly
- Diminution of dust
What is the GHG Protocol and how does it relate to the calculation of carbon emissions?
The GHG Protocol proposes a methodology for calculating carbon emissions, which includes three scopes:
Scope 1: Direct GHG emissions occur from sources that are owned or controlled by the company.
Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions (e.g. purchased electricity consumed)
Scope 3: Other indirect GHG emissions (e.g. all other purchased materials, including fuels)
What are the steps involved in calculating carbon emissions according to the GHG Protocol?
The steps include identifying the three scopes, determining the type of fuel, density, energy factor, and tank-to-wheels/well-to-wheels methodology, and using distance-speed diagrams (APZ data) to estimate carbon emissions.
What are the potential offsetting options?
PV energy crop, forestation, plantation.
What are the additional benefits of plantation?
Sustainable energy management, biodiversity protection, and acceptance.
What are the potential risks of plantation?
Negative impact on biodiversity and soil, and the possibility of not owning the investment.
What are the benefits of mixed measures in offsetting?
Demonstrational nature of offsetting, local optimization, and detailed background analysis before deciding on offsetting measures.
What is sustainable tourism?
Tourism that takes into account its economic, social, and environmental impacts, and addresses the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment, and host communities.
What are the three main goals of sustainable tourism?
Optimal use of environmental resources, respect for socio-cultural authenticity, and ensuring viable, long-term economic operations.
What are the favorable environmental impacts of tourism?
More environmental protection areas, strengthened conservation and knowledge of local natural and cultural heritage, better contribution in environmental protection activities, and stimulation of local infrastructure development.
What are the unfavorable environmental impacts of tourism?
Decreasing natural resources, pollution of air, water, and soil, geological impacts, damage to natural habitats, modification of landscapes due to tourism facilities, noise problems, and natural disasters.
What are the reasons for environmental damages caused by tourism?
Transport and mobility, negative externalities (air pollution, noise problems, urban and landscape effects), and tourist accommodation facilities.
