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Human Anatomy and Physiology II > Test 1: The Brain, protection and blood supply > Flashcards

Test 1: The Brain, protection and blood supply Flashcards

1
Q

how much does the brain weigh?

A

about 3 pounds

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2
Q

all functions of the brain occur within ..

A

about 100 billion neurons

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3
Q

what are the functions of the brain?

A 
Register sensation
Integrate sensory information 
Stimulate response/ actions 
Physiological regulation/ homeostasis 
Higher executive functioning – planning, memory, behavior, Intellect
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4
Q

what is the frontal lobe associated with?

A

higher functions, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought

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5
Q

do humans have a larger frontal lobe than animals?

A

heck ya

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6
Q

what are the major regions of the brain?

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon,

brain stem

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7
Q

cerebrum

A

largest region of the brain

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8
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

Brain stem

A

midbrain, pons medulla oblongata

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10
Q

dura mater

A

has two layers- durable, tough, they actually separate( this creates a sinus)

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11
Q

arachnoid

A

covers the brain non vascular, spidery layers are in the sub arachnoid space( where cerebral spinal fluid circulates)

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12
Q

Pia Mater

A

inner most layer, delicate, very tightly adheres to the brain

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13
Q

sinus

A

Blood goes through and comes back to the heart

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14
Q

what is the order of the protective covering of the brain

A

Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater

PAD

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15
Q

extensions of dura mater

A

form hard, non- compliant membranes that divide the intracranial vault.

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16
Q

dural layers

A
  • external periosteal layer

- internal meningeal layer

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17
Q

dural extensions

A

falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tetorium cerebelli

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18
Q

falx cerebri

A

descends vertically in longitudinal fissure.

it separated L/R cerebral hemispheres

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19
Q

falx cerebelli

A

small triangular process.

it separated cerebellar hemispheres

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20
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

looks like a tent

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21
Q

falx

A

sickle shaped (blade shaped)

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22
Q

what is the clinical importance of the tentorium cerebella?

A

brain tumors identified as supratentorial (above the tentorium) and infratentorial (below the tentorium)

Swelling: the brain can get partly pushed down and herniate through the tentorium, which becomes life-threatening

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23
Q

what percent of body weight is the brain?

A

2%

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24
Q

what percent of the body’s blood supply does the brain receive?

A

about 20%

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25
Q

the brain consumes _ % of total _ and _ even at resting

A

20% of total O2 and glucose

26
Q

what does the brain use as its primary source of energy?

A

glucose

27
Q

what is the normal cardiac output?

A

5L per minute (think of it as a fist is the size of your heart)

28
Q

carotid arteries

A

R and L, internal and external

provide oxygenated blood

29
Q

vertebral arteries

A

close to the vertebral column

provide oxygenated blood

30
Q

cerebral arterial circle

A

circle of freaking willis. this is known as anastomosis- provides alternative routes of circulation

31
Q

anastomosis

A

provides alternative routes of circulation

32
Q

stinosis

A

a closing

33
Q

internal jugular

A

dats a big vein

34
Q

blood brain barriers

A

We need to protect the CNS and don’t want everything in the blood to get through

35
Q

tight junctions

A

controling permeability

36
Q

endothelial cells

A

inner lining of the blood vessels, these do not leak, that is why they have tight junctions, vascular

37
Q

Blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier

A

produces CSF

38
Q

arachnoid matter

A

controls what can move in and out. it is an avascular membrane enveloping the brain

39
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

where CSF is made

40
Q

Lipophilic

A

dissolves in lipids and fats

41
Q

astrocytes

A

clamp around structures in the brain and support the function of the bbb.
In Parkinson’s they don’t work properly

42
Q

what does not work properly in Parkinson’s?

A

astrocytes

43
Q

what gets through the bbb?

A

o2 and co2 because they are lipophilic, alcohol, caffeine, drugs

44
Q

What does not get through bbb

A

no glucose because it is water soluble

45
Q

what is the hallmark feature of the blood brain barrier?

A

tight junctions

46
Q

what are the costs of tight junctions?

A

active transport of glucose and difficulty treating disease

47
Q

CSF

A

Clear fluid: (about 125 ml) O2, protein content is much lower than blood
There should be no blood in the csf

48
Q

what are the basic functions of cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Mechanical: shock absorbent medium, buoyancy
Homeostatic function: pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow (pH). Transport system (hypothalamic hormones)
Circulation: exchange of nutrients/ waste between blood and nervous tissue

49
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce csf

50
Q

ventricle

A

fluid filled space

51
Q

choroid plexuses

A

network of capillaries lining ventricle walls

52
Q

where are tight junctions?

A

they are in the surrounding cells, not the capillaries themselves

53
Q

how much CSF is circulating?

A

about 125- 150 mL

54
Q

how much CSF are we producing?

A

about 20 mL an hour and the same amount is being reabsorbed in the blood stream

55
Q

lateral ventricles

A

2 largest ventricles .R and L, horn shaped structures

56
Q

third ventricles

A

Cavity between R/L thalamus. Communicates with lateral ventricles via opening at anterior end of third ventricle.

57
Q

fourth ventricles

A

Between brain stem and cerebellum. Narrows caudally to form the central canal of the spinal cord.

58
Q

describe the flow of csf

A

It is produced in the lateral ventricle It is going to travel down into the interventricular foramen and then goes to the third ventricle. Then it is connected to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct . Then it goes over the surface of the brain and spinal chord

59
Q

arachnoid villi

A

: location or route through which CSF travels back into Venus circulation

60
Q

arachnoid granulation

A

cluster of arachnoid villi

61
Q

hydrocephalus

A

: CSF accumulation due to impaired CSF flow, absorption, and/or overproduction
Physiology: elevated intracranial pressure, potentially leading to brain damage and other complications

Some times confused with dimentia

Human Anatomy and Physiology II (2 decks)

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