Test 1: Structural and Functional Organization of the Brain

Question 1

What are the major regions of the Brain?

Answer 1

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brain stem

Question 2

what are the parts of the brain stem?

Answer 2

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 3

Medulla oblongata

Answer 3

most inferior portion of the brain. it contains all sensory and motor tracts going from the spinal chord up into the brain.

• contains nuclei controlling the cardiovascular center and medullary rhythmicity
• contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves

Question 4

motor

Answer 4

efferent, away from the brain

Question 5

sensory

Answer 5

afferent, to the brain

Question 6

pyramids

Answer 6

clusters of white matter, they carry corticospinal tracts(wiring, myelinated axons carrying info from brain to spinal chord

Question 7

Decussation of the pyramids

Answer 7

crossing of the pyramids. Crossing over of 85-90% of the neurons.
This is why one side of the brain controls the movement of the opposite side of the body

Question 8

Olives

Answer 8

protrusions of white mater on the anterior surface of the medulla

Question 9

medullary rhythmicity

Answer 9

controls breathing

Question 10

pons

Answer 10

connect the cerebellum to the brain

Question 11

Pons: Pontine nuclei

Answer 11

think of a relay station

Question 12

pons: pneumotaxic and apneustic areas

Answer 12

control your breathing bud

They can help modify the rate of breathing (someone gets a fright)

Question 13

Midbrain

Answer 13

coordination of movement of head, eyes and trunk.

Question 14

Superior colliculi

Answer 14

seeing, see something in your periphery (startle reflex)

Question 15

Inferior colliculi

Answer 15

hearing, reflex you have to turn towards the lowed noise (startle reflex)

Question 16

Red Nuclei

Answer 16

high in blood, bundles of grey mater

Question 17

Substantia Nigra

Answer 17

release dopamine which helps suppress unwanted movement patterns
In Parkinson’s patients these do not produce dopamine

Question 18

Cerebellum

Answer 18

“little brain”

• It is separated from the cerebrum via the transverse fissure
• The main function is in coordination and skilled movement

Question 19

describe the structure of the Cerebellum

Answer 19

• two hemispheres and a central constricted vermis

- attached to brain stem by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles

Question 20

ataxia

Answer 20

issues with movement patterns

Question 21

Diencephalon

Answer 21

made up of the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 22

Thalamus

Answer 22

• The thalamus is a relay station!
• It receives a lot of sensory information and it sends it where it needs to go
• It receives and redirects all sensory information besides smell
• It helps modulate and control motor functions

Question 23

somatic sensation

Answer 23

usually to do with the skin, pressure, temp, tickle, itch

Question 24

hypothalamus

Answer 24

• Huge importance in Autonomic Nervous System: regulates functions you are not normally aware of.
• hormone production
• emotions in combo with limbic system
• eating and drinking
• thermoregulation
• circadian rhythm and consciousness

Question 25

epithalamus

Answer 25

pineal gland: melatonin secretion

habenular nuclei: olfaction- emotion with smell

Question 26

habenular nuclei:

Answer 26

emotional side of smell

Question 27

gyrus

Answer 27

ridge

Question 28

sulcus

Answer 28

shallow groove between gyrus

Question 29

fissure

Answer 29

deep groove

Question 30

what allows for communication between the R and L hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Answer 30

corpus callosum

Question 31

what divides the cerebrum

Answer 31

longitudinal fissure