Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards
For emergent properties of water
Cohesive behavior
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent
Cohesion
Sticking together of like molecules.
Helps the transport water against gravity implant
Adhesion
And attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls
Inductive reasoning
Draws conclusions through the logical process of induction
Repeating specific observations can lead to important generalizations
Hypothesis
Tentative answer to a well formed scientific question
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Element
Cannot be broken down by chemical reactions
Essential element
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen.
Chemical Equilibrium
Reached when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Shares electrons equally
Polar covalent bonds
One is more electronegative so they do NOT share the electrons equally
Ionic Bond
An attraction between a anion and a cation
Vanderwall bond
Are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges (Dipole Movement- delta minus and delta plus)
Surface tension
A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
Hydrophilic
One that has an affinity for water
Hydrophobic
Does not have an affinity for water
Oil molecules are hundred full big because they have NONPOLAR bonds
Isomers
Are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
Structural isomers
Cis-Trans Isomers
Enantiomers
Polymer
Long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
Repeating units that serve as building blocks are called monomer
Enzymes (Proteins)
Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that make you break down polymers
Dehydration reaction
Occurs when two monomers fun together through the loss of a water molecule
Hydrolysis
A reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
Brakes bonds using water; polymers are disassembled to monomers
Carbohydrate
Sugars in the polymers of sugars
Simple as carbohydrates are monosaccharides or simple sugars
Monosaccharides
Has molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH20
Glucose C6H1206 is the most common monosacchride
Disaccharide
Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
Does covalent bond is called the glycosdic linkage
Polysaccharide
The polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles
Storage: starch, glycogen
Structural: cellulose, chitin
Lipid
Hydrophobic because they consist of mostly hydrocarbons which for nonpolar covalent bond
Important Lipids: fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Phospholipid
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
Phosphate groups are hydrophilic
Four levels of protein structure
Primary structure: A protein is Its unique sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure: found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
Tertiary structure: interactions among various sidechains (R Groups) - 3D structure
Quaternary Structure: protein consist of multiple polypeptide chains
Chaperonins
Routine molecules that assist the proper folding of other protein
Nucleotide
Monomers to Polynucleotides to nucleic acid’s
Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups
Nucleoside
Nucleoside= Nitrogenous base + sugar
Two families of nitrogenous bases:
Pryimidines: cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Purines: adenine and guanine
Prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic: bacteria and archea
Eukaryotic: protists, fungi, animals and plants
Basic features of all cells
Plasma membrane
Semi fluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes: carry genes
Ribosomes: make proteins
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having
No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelle
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
Eukaryotic cells
DNA in the nucleus that is bounded by membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Larger then prokaryotic cells
Chromatin
DNA and proteins of chromosomes together
Endomembrane system
Nuclear Envelope Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles plasma membrane
Components are either continuous or connected via transferred
Lysosome
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosomal enzymes Work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome
Autophagy
Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cells on organelles and macromolecules
Golgi apparatus
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts of packages materials into transport vesicles
Chloroplast
Found in plants and algae. They are sites of photosynthesis
Mitochondria
Sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
Microtubule
Thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton
Functions:
Shaping the cell
Guiding movement of organelles
Separating chromosomes during cell division
Microfilaments
Actin filaments, are the thinnest component
Intermediate filament
Fibers with diameters in the middle range
Permanent cytoskeleton
Support cell shape and fix organelles in place
Extracellular matrix
Made up of glycoproteins such as collagen proteoglycans in fibronectin
Functions include support, adhesion, movement, and regulation
Plasmadesmata
Channels that perforate plant cell walls
Water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell
Tight junctions
Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
Desmosomes
Festen cells together into strong sheets (anchoring junctions)
Gap junctions
Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
Six major functions of membrane proteins
Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell to cell recognition Intercellular Jerry Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Permeability of the lipid bilayer
Hydrophobic, nonpolar, molecules such as hydrocarbons can dissolve in the lipid Bilayerand pass through the membrane rapidly
Hydrophilic molecules including ions and polar molecules do not cross the membrane easily
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Water diffuses across a membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration until the solute concentration is equal on both sides
Tonicity
The ability of the surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Facilitated diffusion
Transport proteins speed passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane
Transport proteins include channel proteins in carrier proteins
Electrochemical gradients
A chemical force, the ions concentration gradient
An electrical force, the effect of the membrane potential on the ions movement
Exocytosis
Transfer the circles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell
Endocytosis
The Cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
ThreeTypes: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis
