test 1 study cards Flashcards
What pharmacokinetics stage enables medications to get through natural body barriers (taking in of nutrients and drugs into the body from food & liquids)
Absorption
what pharmacokinetics stage allows a medication to go throughout the body via bloodstream into tissues, membranes, and ultimately organs (movement of a medication throughout the blood/organs/tissues)
Distribution
what pharmacokinetics stage includes all the changes a substance is subjected to in the body & takes place in the liver (process by which the body breaks down or converts medication to active or inactive substance)
Metabolism
The effect in which some drugs travel to the liver, and part of it is metabolized before the drug has a chance to be distributed throughout the body
First-Pass Effect
The last pharmacokinetics stage of the drug’s life in the body.
- The drug can be excreted through the body via kidneys, feces, breast milk, exhalation, sweat glands, and urination
Elimination
the rate at which a drug makes it to its destination and becomes available to the site of action which is it intended
bioavailability
the amount of time it takes the body to break down and excrete one-half of a drug.
half-life
the comparison between drugs either from different manufacturers or in the same company but from different batches of a drug
bioequivalence
discretionary duties of a pharm tech
data entry for new prescriptions, billing for new prescriptions, repackaging medications, call dr.’s office for refill authorization, IVs, refer patient to pharmacist for any information regarding products
some responsibilities techs cannot perform
take new prescriptions over phone, transfer prescriptions to other pharmacies, patient counseling/answer drug related questions, override warnings on computer, certify/verify dispensing, leave discrepancies unreported
3 parts of ndc number
1st set: 5 numbers: MANUFACTURER
2nd set: 4 numbers: DRUG INFORMATION
3rd set: 2 numbers: PACKAGE SIZE
how is a DEA number verified?
By verifying the last digit
What is the highest class level of a recall, serious harm/possible death?
Class 1
What is the next level of a recall, slight to serious harm?
Class 2
What is the lowest level if a recall, minor product defect?
Class 3
Should federal or state law be followed when there is a difference between them?
follow the stricter law
what does DUE stand for and what is its purpose?
Drug Utilization Evaluation — requires pharmacists to counsel patients who receive new prescriptions
What is the name of the program where the FDA requires medications with safety concerns to be evaluated to ensure benefits outweigh the risk?
REMS - Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy
Can techs transfer a prescription?
No
How many times can a medication be transferred?
1
Can C2s be transferred?
No
How many times within how many months can C3-5 controlled substances be refilled?
5 times within 6 months from the date written
Can C2 controlled substances be refilled?
No
Can C2s be partially filled?
Yes, remaining quantity had to be refilled within 72 hours
DEA requires narcotic inventory every how many years?
2 years
C3-5 controlled substances can be transferred how many times?
1 time
Which medication has the BTC (behind the counter rule and is allowed 3.6 grams per day, 9 grams per month, and 7.5 grams for 30 days mail order?
pseudoephedrine (medications like Sudafed, Zyrtec-D, Claritin-D)
Who oversees BOPs (board or pharmacy)?
NABP (national association of boards of pharmacy
Which DEA form is used to order C2 medications, and how many years should copies should be kept for?
DEA form 222, and copies must be kept for 2 years
Which DEA form is used to destroy damaged, outdated, and unwanted controlled substances?
DEA form 41
Which pregnancy category has the highest risk of teratogenicity?
Category X
STAT orders are to be filled & delivered within how many minutes?
5-15 mins
What are the 3 categories of dosage forms?
Solids, Semisolids, Liquids
Abbreviation SA?
Sustained Action (medications of this type cannot be crushed, cut, or chewed)
Abbreviation LA?
Long acting (medications of this type cannot be crushed, cut, or chewed)
Abbreviation CR?
Controlled release (medications of this type cannot be crushed, cut, or chewed)
Abbreviation XR?
Extended release (medications of this type cannot be crushed, cut, or chewed)
Abbreviation SR?
Sustained release (medications of this type cannot be crushed, cut, or chewed)
Abbreviation IR?
Immediate release (medications of this type cannot be crushed, cut, or chewed)
Which dosage form can be safely cut in half?
Scored tablet
Which dosage form treats the mouth and throat locally?
Lozenges/Troches
Which dosage for includes creams, suppositories, inhalant powders, and ointments?
semisolids
Advantages and disadvantages of the IV route of administration
Advantages: Fastest ROA, bypasses GI system
Disadvantages: If something goes wrong, there is not a lot of time to fix the issue
Order of pharmacokinetics
Absorption>Distribution>Metabolism>Elimination
What is the purpose of the “do not use list” by the TJC (The joint commission)?
Common misinterpreted abbreviations that MDs shouldn’t use
Who inspects pharmacies?
Each state’s Board of Pharmacy (unless the pharmacy is also a manufacturer, the FDA will inspect)
Functions of the FDA?
Enforces guidelines for manufacturers to ensure safety and effectiveness of medications
Functions of the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)
Deals strictly with ILLEGAL distribution and misuse of controlled substances
Issues licenses and enforces the nation’s drug laws
What DEA form is needed by pharmacy to dispense controlled substances?
Form 222
Which DEA form is needed to manufacture or distribute controlled substances?
Form 225
Which DEA form is needed to report loss or theft of narcotics (aka controlled substances)?
Form 106
What DEA form is used to send returns to reverse distributor?
Form 41
methods of filing controlled substances
Method 1: Drawer 1: C-II separate, Drawer 2: C-3,4,5, Drawer 3: All other prescriptions
Method 2: Drawer 1: C-2 separate drawer 2: C-3, 4, 5 and all other prescription drugs
Method 3:
Controlled Substances Hierarchy
Schedule 1: No medicinal value, highest abuse potential: (ex: LSD, Heroin)
Schedule 2: high abuse potential: (ex: Oxycontin, Adderall, Vicodin)
Schedule 3: Moderate abuse potential (ex: anabolic steroids; testosterone, furicet)
DEA verification
- First letter of DEA:
- A, B, or F = doctors, physicians, dentists, etc.
- M = Nurse practitioner
- X = qualified prescriber for opioid dependence
- Second Letter of DEA number id the first letter of their last name
How to verify DEA
1) add up the 1st, 3rd and 5th numbers
2) add up the 2nd, 4th, and 6th numbers and multiply the result by 2.
3) add step 1) and step 2) and verify the last digit of the result. It should match with the 7th digit of DEA #
Prescription labels
Of pharmacy:
- Name
- Address
- Phone #
• Name of prescriber
• Date prescription was filled
• Prescription # and cautions
Repackaging
Medication taken from bulk packages and placed into blister packs or unit dosing devices must include:
- Drug name
- Strength and dosage form
- Manufacturer and lot number
- Beyond use date
What are a technician’s roles in inpatient (pharmacy in hospital) pharmacies?
may prepare intravenous medications (IVs), fill/deliver medications through automated systems, stock nursing units (for example, the CCU, OR, and ICU), repackage medications for unit dose carts
technicians roles in community (outpatient) pharmacies
- perform data entry and access patient info
- bill insurance companies (tech must know various rules, regulations, and special codes for each prescription)
- prepare medications, medical devices, and compounds for customer delivery or pickup
Routes of administration: By mouth (oral) = PO
when typing a prescription’s directions, use the verb “take”.
Routes of administration: sublingual (SL) and buccal
Use: “Place” or “insert” as verbs when typing prescription’s directions
Routes of administration: Rectal agents/suppositories (PR=rectally)
Use “insert” for this dosage form when typing prescription directions
Routes of administration: Topical drugs (agents that fight skin infections, inflammation, and block UV rays of the sun
Use “apply” for the verb when typing patient directions
Parental drugs: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (subcut)
Parent drugs work within a few minutes, though there is a disadvantage in that once the drug is injected, there is little to alter its course if an allergic reaction (or other emergency) takes place or too much drug is given.
