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2016 Endocrine > Test 1 Sex Hormones > Flashcards

Test 1 Sex Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Endocrine System

A

Main Functions of the endocrine system are

  • Homeostasis (balance)
  • Reproduction
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2
Q

Endocrine vs Exocrine

A

Endocrine: secretes hormones into circulation directly (no ducts)

  • Hormones act on target organs
    • Broadcast signal – travels throughout the body
    • Specificity is in receptor localization – only acts on where receptor is located
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3
Q

Types of Hormones

A

Steroids

Amines

Peptides

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4
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • Lipid-soluble
  • Produced in the adrenal cortex, testes, ovary, placenta
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5
Q

Amine Hormones

A
  • Based on tyrosine
  • Produced in the thyroid and adrenal medulla (catecholamines – not on test)
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6
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

(majority)

• Synthesized as prohormones (require cleavage)

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7
Q

Hormone Receptor Types

A

Lipid-Soluble/ Intracellular Receptors

Cell Surface Receptors/ Extracellular

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8
Q

Lipid Soluble/Intracellular Receptors

A

Ususally have a binding globulin in the blood to prevent degradation.

  • Steroids-lipid soluble intracellular hormone
  • Thyroid-intracellular hormone (not lipid soluble) hormone must cross into the cell via transporter to act on its receptor

Intracellular receptors:

  • Cytoplasmic receptors (nuclear receptors)
  • Ligand-receptor complex translocates to nucleus
  • Binds to DNA
    • Increases or decreases gene transcription (specific to each hormone)
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9
Q

Cell Surface Receptors

A

Receptors located on Cell Membrane

Utilized by:

  • Amine Hormones (except thyroid)
  • Peptide Hormones

Receptor types:

  • G-protein coupled receptors
    • increase cAMP
  • Protein Tyrosine Kinases
    • Another type of cell membrane receptor
    • Best example is insulin receptor
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10
Q

Feedback regulation

A
  • Negative feedback (most common)
    • example: cortisol
  • Positive feedback (less common)
    • example: LH stimulates estrogen (important because it causes ovulation)
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11
Q

Endocrine Physiology

A
  • Anterior Pituitary (Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/HPA axis) – most important
    • Releasing hormones from hypothalamus
      • Causes release of trophic hormones
    • Portal venous delivery
    • Receives input via venous blood supply
  • Posterior Pituitary
    • Nerve endings from brain
    • Oxytocin & ADH
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12
Q

Endocrine Organs

A
  • Brain, pineal gland, pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal glands & Kidneys
  • Pancreas
  • Ovaries/Testes
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13
Q

Patterns of Hormone Secretion

A
  • Pattern may be essential to physiological role - the body is supposed to release hormones at the appropriate time
    • Insulin
    • GnRH
    • FSH/LH
  • Basal release – may follow circadian rhythm or twice daily pattern
  • Stimulated release
    • Cortisol peaks when you eat, under times of stress (along with basal release)
    • Measure hormone levels at the appropriate time
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14
Q

Interpretation of lab results:

· TSH was high and thyroid levels were low

A

o Negative feedback to hypothalamus and thyroid is impaired

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15
Q

Interpretation of lab results:

TSH was high and thyroid levels were high

A

o Not a pituitary malfunction

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16
Q

Interpretation of lab results:

· TSH was low and thyroid levels were high

A

o The thyroid may have a tumor, or other cells may be producing thyroid hormones (ectopic production)

17
Q

Interpretation of lab results:

· TSH was low and thyroid levels were low

A

The problem is at the level of the pituitary, negative feedback is not responding

18
Q

Which of the following are true regarding steroid receptors?

a. They are found on cell membranes
b. They are found in the cytoplasm
c. They are G-protein coupled receptors
d. They affect transcription of DNA

A

b. They are found in the cytoplasm
d. They affect transcription of DNA

19
Q

Q: This type of hormone is lipid soluble:

a. Steroids
b. Amines (Catecholamines)
c. Peptides
d. Thyroid (T3)

A

a. Steroids

20
Q

Q: This type of hormone is usually produced as a prohormone

a. Steroid
b. Amine (Catecholamines)
c. Peptide

A

c. Peptide

21
Q

Q: When rising levels of a hormone released by an endocrine organ has the result of decreasing hypothalamic and pituitary release of releasing factors and trophic hormones this is referred to as:

a. Negative feedback
b. Positive feedback
c. Pulsitive

A

a. Negative feedback

22
Q
A

2016 Endocrine (19 decks)

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