Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Earth Hazards and Global Change > Test 1 review > Flashcards

Test 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

define disaster

A

hazardous events that occur over a limited time span in a defined geographic area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define catastrophe

A

massive disaster that requires significant expenditure of money and time for recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define recurrence interval

A

probability that an event of a given magnitude will occur at any time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the recurrence interval equation

A

r=(n+1)/m
m=rank
n= number of observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a cyclic event

A

events that come at evenly spaced times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

are overlapping cycles cyclic

A

overlapping cycles make the resultant extremes non-cyclic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how are event magnitude and frequency related

A

event magnitude and frequency are inversely related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

risk is a function of ?

A

risk is a function of (probability of occurrence)(cost of losses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

structure and composition of tectonic plates

A
  • mantle
  • lithosphere
  • athenosphere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

composition of the lithosphere

A

continental crust

oceanic crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the continental crust

A

20-70 km deep
granite
thick
less dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the oceanic crust

A

5-10km
mostly basalt
thin
really dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the three types of basic plate movement

A
  • convergent margins
  • divergent
  • sliding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe rebound theory

earthquake cycles

A
  • stored elastic strain
  • earthquakes occur because of rebound/elastic strain
  • stored elastic strain along subduction zone will generate earthquakes
  • foreshocks and aftershocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

seismic waves

A

body vs surface waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

primary waves

A

compressional, fastest, parallel motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

shear waves

A

only through solid material, perpendicular motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the two types of body waves

A

primary, shear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the two types of surface waves

A

love, Rayleigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe love waves

A

horizontal shaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe Rayleigh waves

A

slow moving, elliptical motion, surface moves vertically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the hazards associated with earthquakes

A

-generally result of the ground shaking or ground displacement caused by earthquakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where do the largest earthquakes occur

A

largest earthquakes happen in subduction zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why do the largest earthquakes occur in subduction zones

A

because of all the stores tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is thrust faulting created by

A

created by compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are joints and faulting

A

deformation of the earths crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define folding

A

rocks and crust deforming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are joints

A

rock fractures and there is no offset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are faults

A

rock fractures and there is movement along the fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what percentage of earthquakes occur at plate boundaries

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is deformation

A

the bending, breaking, and tilting of crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the three types of stress

A

1) compressional
2) tensional
3) shear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

describe compressional movement

A

plates move together (reverse/thrust)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

describe tensional movement

A

plates move apart

rift valleys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe shear movement

A

up and down movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what creates a transform fault and where would you find one

A

shear movement, San Andreas fault

North American and pacific plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

example of a fault not on a plate boundary

A

Denali fault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

subaqueous landslides:

A

tsunami generators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the directional forces associated with normal faulting

A

extensional forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the directional forces associated with thrust faults

A

compressional forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

give examples of normal faulting

A

North American plate being pulled away from eurasian plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

give examples of thrust faults

A

subduction zones, cascadiam JDF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

when there is a collision between an oceanic and continental plate, what occurs?

A

subduction zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the ring of fire

A

pacific plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

most volcanoes are near?

A

plate boundaries

46
Q

what allows molten rock to reach earths surface

A

mid-oceanic ridges and subduction zones

47
Q

difference between lava and magma

A

magma is molten rock, lava is magma on the earths surface

48
Q

where can you find stratovolcanoes

A

subduction zones (Mt Hellens, fuji)

49
Q

where can you find shield volcanoes

A

hot spots in the earths mantle (Hawaii)

50
Q

where can you find calderas

A

spreading ridges or rift valleys (divergent plate boundaries)
ex) neuogango

51
Q

what is volcanism

A

the surface expression of the forces within the earth, not limited to subduction zones or hotspots

52
Q

what makes magma more explosive

A

explosive magma is typically at a cooler temperature and has more silica content

53
Q

describe Rhyolte

A

super explosive, high silica content

54
Q

describe Basalt

A

not really explosive, low silica content

55
Q

shape of stratavolcanoes

A

cone shaped

56
Q

how are stratavolcanes built

A

built from a combination of lava flows and pyroclastic deposits

57
Q

what tectonic setting will you find stratovolcanoes

A

subduction zones

58
Q

example of a stratovolcano

A

Mt Hellens

59
Q

what are craters

A

depressions formed by explosion or collapse of volcano top

60
Q

what are calderas

A

very large craters formed by violent explosions

61
Q

what are vents

A

any opening for lava debris, can produce flood basalts

62
Q

what re hot springs

A

hot rocks heat groundwater discharge at surface

63
Q

what are geysers

A

groundwater boils, erupting steam at surface

64
Q

what are resurgent calderas and super eruptions

A

very very large violent eruptions from super volcanoes, they produce calderas

65
Q

describe Mount Fuji

A

strata volcano in a subduction zone

66
Q

where is cakbuco found

A

subduction zone

67
Q

describe shield volcanoes

A

largest volcanoes, built almost entirely of lava flows

non explosive eruptions

68
Q

what are shield volcanoes made up of

A

shield volcanoes are built almost entirely of lava flows

69
Q

describe the eruptions of shield volcanoes

A

non explosive

70
Q

example of a shield volcano

A

hawaii and iceland

71
Q

where are shield volcanoes found

A

divergent plate boundaries

72
Q

what are volcanic domes and lava lakes made of

A

they are made up of highly viscous rhyolite magma

73
Q

describe the explosions of volcano domes and lava lakes

A

highly explosive due to the rhyolite magma

74
Q

example of lava laker volcano dome

A

lassen peak, mono craters, Kati volcano is still errupting

75
Q

where was the most recent caldera

A

Yellowstone

76
Q

pahoehoe lava flow

A

basalt lava that has a stool or ropy surface

typically advances in small lobes and tows that continually break out from a cooled crust

77
Q

what triggers a pyroclastic flow

A

collapsing lava flow

78
Q

A a lava flow

A

lava flows that have a rough cubby surface composed of broken lava blocks (clinkers)

79
Q

where do divergent boundaries typically occur

A

divergent plate boundaries typically occur at mid-oceanic ridges (seafloor spreading)

80
Q

what does seafloor spreading form

A

seafloor spreading forms a broad ridge, commonly with a central Rift Valley

81
Q

example of divergent plate boundary

A

Iceland

82
Q

describe what happens at am oceanic and continental convergent plate boundary

A

the denser oceanic plate is submerged under the continental plate

83
Q

example of an oceanic and continental plate boundary

A

JDF and north America

84
Q

describe what happens at an oceanic and oceanic convergent pate boundary

A

one plate goes beneath the other, creating a subduction zone and an arc-shaped chain of volcanoes

85
Q

example of oceanic and oceanic convergent plate boundary

A

pacific and Philippine

86
Q

describe what happens at a continental and continental convergent plate boundary

A

mountains

87
Q

describe what happens at a transform plate boundary

A

plates slide horizontally past one another

88
Q

example of a transform plate boundary

A

San Andreas Fault

89
Q

What is a hot spot

A

partly molten materials are hit and buoyant enough to move up through the mantle into an overlying lithospheric plate

90
Q

example of a hotspot

A

hawaii

91
Q

what is the epicentre of an earthquake

A

point on the surface of earth directly above the fault rupture

92
Q

what is the focus of an earthquake

A

location of the initial rupture along the fault

93
Q

describe a strike slip fault

A

horizontal displacement

94
Q

describe a dip slip fault

A

vertical displacement

95
Q

what are the two body waves

A

primary and secondary

96
Q

describe primary waves

A

fastest body wave, can travel through any material

97
Q

describe secondary waves

A

can only travel through solid materials

98
Q

what are the two types of surface waves

A

love ,Rayleigh

99
Q

describe love waves

A

causes horizontal shaking

100
Q

describe Rayleigh waves

A

elliptical motion, slower moving

101
Q

describe a strike slip earthquake

A

occurs on transform faults, slides horizontally

102
Q

describe a thrust earthquake

A

occur on large thrust faults

largest on earth

103
Q

describe normal earthquakes

A

common at divergent plate boundaries

104
Q

describe shield volcanoes

A

largest volcanoes on earth

non explosive eruptions q

105
Q

example of a shield volcano

A

hawaii

106
Q

describe stratovolcanoes

A

erupt less frequently but very explosive

107
Q

example of a stratovolcano

A

Mount Fuji

108
Q

describe a volcanic dome

A

steep sided mounds of lava that form around vents from the eruption

109
Q

describe cinder cones

A

small volcanoes with a crater on top

110
Q

What is a caldera

A

circular depressions that form during explosive ejection of magma

111
Q

what is a volcanic vent

A

openings that things erupt from

Earth Hazards and Global Change (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions