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Earth Hazards and Global Change > final review > Flashcards

final review Flashcards

1
Q

which way do wildfires move the fastest

A

wildfires move uphill faster than they move down the slope

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2
Q

are wildfires and ENSO linked

A

yes wildfires and ENSO are linked in some places.

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3
Q

what is ENSO

A

recurring climate pattern involving changes in the temperature of waters in the central and eastern Pacific ocean

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4
Q

how does ENSO impact the chance of fires

A

ENSO influences temperatures, precipitation,

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5
Q

what are the phases of a fire

A

reheating, preheating, combustion, extinction

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6
Q

what are the five components of a climate system

A

ice, land surface, ocean, atmosphere, vegetation

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7
Q

the ________ of different aspects of the climate system all differ.

A

the response time of different aspects of the climate system all differ

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8
Q

what component of the climate system responds the quickest

A

the atmosphere responds the quickest

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9
Q

define positive feedback

A

positive feedback: a process where the response results in the initial condition being enhanced

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10
Q

define negative feedback

A

a process whereby the response to an initial forcing or condition results in a reducing or inhibition of the initial condition

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11
Q

define Hadley cell

A

the pattern of atmospheric circulation centred on either side of the equator, where air rises (creating low pressure and moist conditions), and air descends around 30 N/S (creating high pressure and dry conditions)

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12
Q

describe the atmosphere

A

composed mainly of oxygen and nitrogen

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13
Q

what type of air has a higher capacity to hold water

A

warm air had a higher water vapour capacity

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14
Q

objects in the ___ move to the right

A

objects in the north move to the right

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15
Q

objects in the ____ move to the left

A

objects in the south move to the left

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16
Q

describe the effect of tilt angle on the seasons

A

larger tilt angle= more extreme seasons

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17
Q

what are the three processes that result in atmospheric lifting

A

frontal, barrier convergent

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18
Q

what are the three typical cold front conditions

A

rapid lifting and cooling of air masses
thunderstorms
heavy precipitation

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19
Q

which way do cyclones in the northern hemisphere rotate

A

in the northern hemisphere, cyclones rotate counterclockwise

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20
Q

stages of development and progression of a low-pressure system over North America:

A
  • contrasting air masses moving along a stationary front
  • wave develops and cyclonic circulation establishes
  • occlusion develops and is established before cyclone dissipates
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21
Q

where in the world has the potential for the strongest winds

A

a typhoon off the coast of Taiwan has the potential for the strongest winds

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22
Q

where do tornadoes develop

A

tornadoes develop almost at the point where the leading edge of the cold front meets the trailing edge of the warm front

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23
Q

which way are surface winds moving

A

surface winds are moving east to west

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24
Q

why do surface winds move east to west

A

because of the Hadley cell circulation and Coriolis effect

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25
Q

what is femas current role

A

recovery and rebuilding assistance following domestic disasters

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26
Q

what are the three conditions needed for freezing rain to occur

A
  • ground surface close to or at freezing
  • moisture source
  • warm air over a thin layer of cold air
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27
Q

what natural disaster impacts the most people globally

A

heatwaves/droughts

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28
Q

compared to now, what time period was warmer

A

compared to now, upper Cretaceous was warmer

29
Q

define the polar position hypothesis

A

the theory that the ice-house episodes of climate occurred because land masses were positioned over the poles

30
Q

climate variability has been ___ over the last 50 000 years

A

climate variability has been minimal over the last 50 000 years

31
Q

what did Milankovitch do

A

studies changes in eccentric, obliquity, and precession to reveal that scalar radiation recipes vary over time and therefore influence climate

32
Q

has the 20th century been the warmest ever recorded

A

no

33
Q

how low was the sea level the last glacial maximum

A

110m lower than today

34
Q

how long ago was the last little ice age

A

200-600 years ago

35
Q

[co2] last glacial maximum

A

190ppm

36
Q

[co2] last interglacial period

A

280ppm

37
Q

[co2] today

A

405ppm

38
Q

what was the largest known extinction event

A

permian

39
Q

what are the hazards linked to extraterrestrial impacts and air bursts

A
  • volcanic eruptions
  • wildfires
  • earthquakes
  • tsunamis
  • landslides
40
Q

what does a rotational landslide look like

A

a rotational landslide looks like steps

41
Q

what does a translational landslide look like

A

a translational landslide looks like a basic landslide

42
Q

describe the reaction with carbonic acid

A

carbonic acid reacts with limestone to create karst topography

43
Q

coastal erosion should be viewed as __ and not as ___

A

coastal erosion should be viewed as a natural process, not a natural hazard

44
Q

at headlands, wave refraction causes

A

at headlands, wave refraction causes convergence which leads to erosion

45
Q

when do rip currents occur

A

rip currents occur when water accumulated between an offshore bar and the swash zone and is funnelled through a narrow break in the bar

46
Q

headland, ____, _____, stack

A

headland, cave, arch, stack

47
Q

what are natural levees created by

A

natural levees are created by floods

48
Q

in what way do dams affect the river downstream

A

erosion occurs downstream of the dam because water leaving the dam carries much less sediment than the stream is capable of transporting

49
Q

do infiltration rates increase or decrease as the ground reaches saturation

A

infiltration rates decrease as the ground reaches saturation

50
Q

what are the main components of the water balance/budget

A

precipitation, infiltration, runoff, evaporation, tanspiration, interception

51
Q

what is latent heat

A
  • heat released or absorbed by a body during a constant-temperature process
52
Q

the relationship between water content and angle of repose for medium sand is:

A

the angle of repose can increase as water content increases, until the point of saturation

53
Q

mass movement is characterized by what three factors

A

velocity, water content, material

54
Q

what are reliable mitigation techniques for stabilizing slopes

A

planting vegetation
retaining walls
subsurface drains to relieve pressure

55
Q

what does subsidence result from

A
  • thawing of frozen ground
  • dissolution of minerals
  • a change in soil volume die to expansion or contraction
  • collapse of magma chamber
  • fluctuating ground water table
56
Q

what is an active layer

A

ground that freezes every winter, but thaws every summer

57
Q

what causes wave period to change

A

the slope angle of the shore

58
Q

with respect to tides, the highest tides occur when

A

the moon and suns gravitational forces are parallel and acting together

59
Q

how can longshore drift me managed

A

by building jetty or ground perpendicular to the beach

60
Q

why were the floods in Alberta bad

A
  • blocked jet stream= large low-pressure system

- delayed snow melt

61
Q

at peak runoff, the urban stream would have a ____ volume than the wooded stream

A

at peak runoff, the urban stream would have a higher volume than the wooded stream

62
Q

the urban stream hydrography would rescind ____

A

the urban stream hydrography will reopens faster (shorter lag time)

63
Q

how many degrees does the greenhouse effect warm the earth by

A

31

64
Q

define atmospheric stability

A

the tendency for a parcel of air to remain in place or to change its vertical position ‘

65
Q

climate variability, although varies slightly, is relatively ___ over earths history

A

climate variability, although it varies slightly has been relatively constant over earths history

66
Q

what theories are used to explain climate change over 10s to 100s of millions of years

A

polar position hypothesis, chemical weathering rates

67
Q

let the carbon reservoirs from largest to smallest

A

rock and sediments, entier ocean, soils, atmosphère

68
Q

with respect to climate change, what three ideas do you have to consider

A

rate of change
timescale
context for change
consequences of change

Earth Hazards and Global Change (2 decks)

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