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Earth Hazards and Global Change > final review > Flashcards

final review Flashcards

1
Q

which way do wildfires move the fastest

A

wildfires move uphill faster than they move down the slope

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2
Q

are wildfires and ENSO linked

A

yes wildfires and ENSO are linked in some places.

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3
Q

what is ENSO

A

recurring climate pattern involving changes in the temperature of waters in the central and eastern Pacific ocean

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4
Q

how does ENSO impact the chance of fires

A

ENSO influences temperatures, precipitation,

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5
Q

what are the phases of a fire

A

reheating, preheating, combustion, extinction

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6
Q

what are the five components of a climate system

A

ice, land surface, ocean, atmosphere, vegetation

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7
Q

the ________ of different aspects of the climate system all differ.

A

the response time of different aspects of the climate system all differ

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8
Q

what component of the climate system responds the quickest

A

the atmosphere responds the quickest

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9
Q

define positive feedback

A

positive feedback: a process where the response results in the initial condition being enhanced

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10
Q

define negative feedback

A

a process whereby the response to an initial forcing or condition results in a reducing or inhibition of the initial condition

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11
Q

define Hadley cell

A

the pattern of atmospheric circulation centred on either side of the equator, where air rises (creating low pressure and moist conditions), and air descends around 30 N/S (creating high pressure and dry conditions)

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12
Q

describe the atmosphere

A

composed mainly of oxygen and nitrogen

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13
Q

what type of air has a higher capacity to hold water

A

warm air had a higher water vapour capacity

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14
Q

objects in the ___ move to the right

A

objects in the north move to the right

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15
Q

objects in the ____ move to the left

A

objects in the south move to the left

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16
Q

describe the effect of tilt angle on the seasons

A

larger tilt angle= more extreme seasons

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17
Q

what are the three processes that result in atmospheric lifting

A

frontal, barrier convergent

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18
Q

what are the three typical cold front conditions

A

rapid lifting and cooling of air masses
thunderstorms
heavy precipitation

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19
Q

which way do cyclones in the northern hemisphere rotate

A

in the northern hemisphere, cyclones rotate counterclockwise

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20
Q

stages of development and progression of a low-pressure system over North America:

A
  • contrasting air masses moving along a stationary front
  • wave develops and cyclonic circulation establishes
  • occlusion develops and is established before cyclone dissipates
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21
Q

where in the world has the potential for the strongest winds

A

a typhoon off the coast of Taiwan has the potential for the strongest winds

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22
Q

where do tornadoes develop

A

tornadoes develop almost at the point where the leading edge of the cold front meets the trailing edge of the warm front

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23
Q

which way are surface winds moving

A

surface winds are moving east to west

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24
Q

why do surface winds move east to west

A

because of the Hadley cell circulation and Coriolis effect

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25
what is femas current role
recovery and rebuilding assistance following domestic disasters
26
what are the three conditions needed for freezing rain to occur
- ground surface close to or at freezing - moisture source - warm air over a thin layer of cold air
27
what natural disaster impacts the most people globally
heatwaves/droughts
28
compared to now, what time period was warmer
compared to now, upper Cretaceous was warmer
29
define the polar position hypothesis
the theory that the ice-house episodes of climate occurred because land masses were positioned over the poles
30
climate variability has been ___ over the last 50 000 years
climate variability has been minimal over the last 50 000 years
31
what did Milankovitch do
studies changes in eccentric, obliquity, and precession to reveal that scalar radiation recipes vary over time and therefore influence climate
32
has the 20th century been the warmest ever recorded
no
33
how low was the sea level the last glacial maximum
110m lower than today
34
how long ago was the last little ice age
200-600 years ago
35
[co2] last glacial maximum
190ppm
36
[co2] last interglacial period
280ppm
37
[co2] today
405ppm
38
what was the largest known extinction event
permian
39
what are the hazards linked to extraterrestrial impacts and air bursts
- volcanic eruptions - wildfires - earthquakes - tsunamis - landslides
40
what does a rotational landslide look like
a rotational landslide looks like steps
41
what does a translational landslide look like
a translational landslide looks like a basic landslide
42
describe the reaction with carbonic acid
carbonic acid reacts with limestone to create karst topography
43
coastal erosion should be viewed as __ and not as ___
coastal erosion should be viewed as a natural process, not a natural hazard
44
at headlands, wave refraction causes
at headlands, wave refraction causes convergence which leads to erosion
45
when do rip currents occur
rip currents occur when water accumulated between an offshore bar and the swash zone and is funnelled through a narrow break in the bar
46
headland, ____, _____, stack
headland, cave, arch, stack
47
what are natural levees created by
natural levees are created by floods
48
in what way do dams affect the river downstream
erosion occurs downstream of the dam because water leaving the dam carries much less sediment than the stream is capable of transporting
49
do infiltration rates increase or decrease as the ground reaches saturation
infiltration rates decrease as the ground reaches saturation
50
what are the main components of the water balance/budget
precipitation, infiltration, runoff, evaporation, tanspiration, interception
51
what is latent heat
- heat released or absorbed by a body during a constant-temperature process
52
the relationship between water content and angle of repose for medium sand is:
the angle of repose can increase as water content increases, until the point of saturation
53
mass movement is characterized by what three factors
velocity, water content, material
54
what are reliable mitigation techniques for stabilizing slopes
planting vegetation retaining walls subsurface drains to relieve pressure
55
what does subsidence result from
- thawing of frozen ground - dissolution of minerals - a change in soil volume die to expansion or contraction - collapse of magma chamber - fluctuating ground water table
56
what is an active layer
ground that freezes every winter, but thaws every summer
57
what causes wave period to change
the slope angle of the shore
58
with respect to tides, the highest tides occur when
the moon and suns gravitational forces are parallel and acting together
59
how can longshore drift me managed
by building jetty or ground perpendicular to the beach
60
why were the floods in Alberta bad
- blocked jet stream= large low-pressure system | - delayed snow melt
61
at peak runoff, the urban stream would have a ____ volume than the wooded stream
at peak runoff, the urban stream would have a higher volume than the wooded stream
62
the urban stream hydrography would rescind ____
the urban stream hydrography will reopens faster (shorter lag time)
63
how many degrees does the greenhouse effect warm the earth by
31
64
define atmospheric stability
the tendency for a parcel of air to remain in place or to change its vertical position '
65
climate variability, although varies slightly, is relatively ___ over earths history
climate variability, although it varies slightly has been relatively constant over earths history
66
what theories are used to explain climate change over 10s to 100s of millions of years
polar position hypothesis, chemical weathering rates
67
let the carbon reservoirs from largest to smallest
rock and sediments, entier ocean, soils, atmosphère
68
with respect to climate change, what three ideas do you have to consider
rate of change timescale context for change consequences of change

Earth Hazards and Global Change (2 decks)

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