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Genetics > Test 1 Review > Flashcards

Test 1 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Genetics?

A

The study of biologically inherited traits (including traits that are influenced by enviroment)

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2
Q

What is Genomics?

A

Study of all the genes in an organism in order to understand their molecular organization function and internet

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3
Q

What are genes?

A

The fundamental, physical functional units of heredity that are transferred from parent to offspring

Basic unit of biological information made of specific segments of DNA on a chromosome that encodes a particular protein or structural RNA molecule

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4
Q

What is a genome?

A

entire collection of genes in chromosomes in each celll

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5
Q

What is a proteome?

A

entire collection of proteins encoded by the organisms

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6
Q

What are some single gene disorders?

A

sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia

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7
Q

What are multifactoral disorders?

A

a combination of multiple genes and enviroment

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8
Q

Mitochondrial disorders make up?

A

A very small portion of all gene disorders

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9
Q

What was known about chromosomes in the 1940’s?

A

The chromosomes contained DNA and basic small protiens called histones

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10
Q

What was originally believed about DNA?

A

that it was too simple for a genetic material because it was only made from 4 nucleotides

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11
Q

What was the conclusion of Griffith’s experiement?

A

Genetic Material can be transferred, and that dead S cells were able to transform live R cells into S cells

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12
Q

The S strain in Griffith’s experiment had what kind of appearance?

A

Smooth appearance due to capsule

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13
Q

What kind of appearance did the R strain have in Griffith’s experiment?

A

small, rough appearance of colonies with no capsule

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14
Q

What is the benefit of having a capsule?

A

The immune system doesnt recognize the bacteria quickly

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15
Q

After the conclusion of Griffith’s experiment, what did they still not know?

A

They still didnt know what the material was

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16
Q

What was the conclusion of the Avery-Macload-McCarthy Experiement?

A

DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation (hence genetic material)

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17
Q

When did the mouse die in Griffith’s experiment?

A

When injected with living R cells plus heat-killed S cells

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18
Q

What was the procedure for the Avery-Chase experiement?

A

They went off what the Griffith’s experiement learned, and that R cells could transform into S cells. So, they began treating the heat killed S cells with first protease (to destroy the protein), then RNase (which destroys the RNA) then they finally used DNase which destroys the DNA and got no tranformation

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19
Q

Why is S strain pathogenic?

A

Because of the capsule

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20
Q

What was the conclusion of the Hershey-Chase experiment?

A

DNA confirmed as genetic material

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21
Q

What organisms were used in the Hershey-Chase experiment?

A

Ecoli and bacteriophage T2

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22
Q

Why did the Hershey-Chase experiment use bacteriophages?

A

because they knew the bacteriophage is made of DNA and protein, so we would either see DNA or protein from bacteriophage in Ecoli cells

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23
Q

How did Hershey-Chase see the difference between the bacteriophage DNA and protein from the Ecoli DNA and proteins?

A

They cultured Ecoli in medium containing S35 , and did the same with Bacteriophage with p32.

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24
Q

What did they find in the Ecoli cells?

A

high levels of p32 which proved DNA

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25
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

DNA from any organism should have:

  • 1:1 ratio (base pair rule) of pyrimidine and purine bases
  • The amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine
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26
Q

What is the composition of human DNA?

A

30.2% Adenine 19.9% Guanine 19.6% Adenine and 30.3% Thymine

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27
Q

Double strained DNA has equal % of?

A

A&T and C&G

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28
Q

Single stranded DNA doesn’t have?

A

equal percentages

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29
Q

DNA consists of?

A

two strands of polynucleotides and forms a right handed double helix

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30
Q

Each nucleotide has:

A
  • A 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
  • A nitrogen containing phosphate group (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine)
  • A phosphate group
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31
Q

A nucleoside is made of?

A

nucleoside=base + sugar

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32
Q

A nucleotide is made of?

A

nucleotide=base + sugar +phosphate group

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33
Q

Pyrimidine or Purine?

Longer name and smaller base

A

Pyrimidine

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34
Q

Pyrimidine or Purine?

Shorter name and bigger base

A

Purine

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35
Q

What are primes used for?

A

Primes are used to identify the carbons in ribose sugar

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36
Q

If there is no OH at C2’ what does that mean?

A

It is deoxyribose

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37
Q

Where are the hydrophobic bases located on DNA?

A

inside the helix

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38
Q

The sugar phosphate backbone that loves water is located?

A

on the outside of the helix

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39
Q

DNA has what charge?

A

negative

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40
Q

Each strand of DNA runs in a _______ ________ _______.

A

Each strand of DNA runs in a anti-parallel direction.

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41
Q

The anti-parallel strand is the one that runs in the?

A

3’ to 5’ direction

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42
Q

The 5’ end has?

A

the phosphate and ends on c5’

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43
Q

The 3’ end has ?

A

OH and ends on C3’

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44
Q

What are the bases of DNA held together by?

A

hydrogen bonds

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45
Q

A-T bonds have how many hydrogen bonds?

A

2 Hydrogen bonds

46
Q

C-G bonds have how many hydrogen bonds?

A

3 Hydrogen bonds

47
Q

What kind of DNA is Watson’s and Crick’s DNA?

A

B-DNA

48
Q

B-DNA is?

A

the major form of DNA within the cell

49
Q

A-DNA is?

A

right handed and found in RNA/DNA hybrid

50
Q

Z-DNA is?

A

Left handed

51
Q

DNA synthesis occurs from?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

52
Q

Why are nucleotides added to the 3’ end of DNA?

A

Because the energy required for DNA synthesis requires the hydrolysis of the high energy P bonds. Hydroxil group attacks phosphate group

53
Q

Protein is?

A

responsible for the most of biochemical activities in the cell

Structural proteins : cellular rigidity/mobility
Channel/pore : traffic of small molecules into and out of the cell
Receptor : cellular activities in response to extracellular signals
Enzymes : breakdown of organic molecules/generation of the chemical energy

54
Q

Archibald Garrod did what?

A

the first scientist to relate gene defects to metabolic blocks

55
Q

Metabolic blocks are the cause of?

A

Alkaptonuria (AKU, Black urine disease)

56
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by?

A

metabolic blocks

57
Q

What was the hypothesis of Beadle and Tatum?

A

If these metabolic pathways are regulated by genes,

Then, a mutation in a gene responsible for synthesizing an essential nutrient will make it unable to produce that nutrient any longer.

58
Q

What organisms did Beadle and Tatum use?

A

Neurospora crassa (red bread mold)

59
Q

What was Beadle and Tatum’s experiment?

A

N. crassa was irradiated with X-ray to introduce mutations in gene.

The offspring of irradiated N. crassa was cultured in complete media that contains all essential nutrients including amino acids, vitamins.

N. crassa in complete media was transferred to minimal media to test it can grow in minimal media.

The ones that grew in minimal medium are non-mutant and are discarded.

The ones that did not grow must be mutant, so further testing of different types of enriched medium to see which metabolism is mutated.

60
Q

What were the findings of the Beadle Tatum’s experiment?

A

Mutant genes produced mutant enzymes

61
Q

What is the central dogma of Molecular biology?

A

Genetic information flows in one direction

DNA—–>RNA—–>Protein

62
Q

What is transcription?

A

flow of information from DNA to RNA

63
Q

What is translation?

A

Flow of information from RNA to protein

64
Q

RNA is made of?

A

Ribonucleotides

65
Q

DNA contains what type of sugar?

RNA?

A

deoxyribose=DNA sugar

Ribose=RNA sugar

66
Q

Besides the sugar, what other differences occur with DNA and RNA

A

DNA contains thymine and RNA contains Uracil

67
Q

What does RNA do?

A

deliver information from DNA to protein

68
Q

rRNA is?

A

ribosomal RNA

69
Q

mRNA is?

A

messenger RNA

70
Q

tRNA is?

A

transfer RNA

71
Q

Coding strand of DNA

A

not used as a template, but is identical in sequence to the mRNA except that all U’s are T’s

72
Q

What is the strand of the DNA used to make RNA?

A

the template strand

73
Q

The synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of an mRNA molecule is?

A

translation

74
Q

3 bases of mRNA (codon) specify for?

A

one amino acid

75
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

76
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

77
Q

____ codons code for ___ amino acids.

A

661 codons code for 20 amino acids

78
Q

Where is the most variation for a codon found?

A

in the 3rd position

79
Q

What does AUG code for?

A

Methionine

80
Q

How does the ribosome read mRNA?

A

5’ to 3

81
Q

What recognizes specific base sequences in DNA?

A

DNA cleavage by restriction enzyme endonoucleases

82
Q

Endonucleases are?

A

cleaves phosphodiester bonds within the nucleic acid molecule

*Think 1st pasta example

83
Q

Exonnucleases are?

A

cleaves phosphodiester bonds from end of nucleic acid molecule

*think 2nd pasta example

84
Q

What is cutting DNA with enzymes called?

A

digestion

85
Q

What is overhang?

A

protruding DNA after cleavage

86
Q

What kind of overhang does BamHI produce?

A

5’ overhangs

87
Q

What kind of overhang does SacT produce?

A

3’ overhangs

88
Q

How many base sequences do most restriction endonucleases recognize?

A

1 short base sequence (usually 4-6 bases)

89
Q

What is the difference between sticky ends and blunt ends?

A

sticky ends mean an overhang

90
Q

How is DNA charged and why?

A

negatively charged due to PO4-

91
Q

To which electrode does DNA move too?

A

to positively charged electrode

92
Q

__________ ___________ stained DNA can be visualized under UV light

A

Eithidium bromide

93
Q

Which DNA fragements move move the most under gel electrophoresis and which move the least?

A

The Largest DNA fragements move the least and the smallest DNA fragment move the most

94
Q

What is a restriction map?

A

a diagram showing restriction enzyme sites

95
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

circular extra chromosomal DNA

96
Q

What are some of the forces stablizing DNA’s double helix?

A

Hydrogen bonding, Base stacking, Electrostatic Forces

97
Q

What are the steps in nucleic acid hybridization?

A

1) Temp (cooling)
2) High amount of monovalent cations in DNA solution
3) Neutral pH
4) Removal of H-bond breaker

98
Q

What are the ways to break Hydrogen bonds?

A

increase pH
-because OH will bond with hydrogen and create H2O pulling DNA hydrogen bonds apart

formaldahead/urea-
-form hydrogen bonds with DNA making it unstable

99
Q

What part of the DNA absorbs UV light?

A

pyrimidine and purine bases

100
Q

What absorbs more UV light, single strand or double strand DNA?

A

Single strand

101
Q

What is Tm?

A

temperature at which half of DNA exists at a single strand

102
Q

What is androgen insensitivity disorder?

A

genetically male, but phenotypically female

103
Q

What is PCR?

A

polymerase chain reaction

104
Q

What does a PCR do?

A

DNA produced in test tube

105
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

the process of producing two identical copies from one single original DNA

106
Q

A PCR reaction requires?

A

1) template DNA
2) A primer with a free 3’-OH (a short strand of DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis)
3) DNA polymerase enzyme
4) deoxyribonucleotides

107
Q

Why did mendel use a pea?

A

Availability of contrasting traits
Small space required
Large number of progeny
Self-Polination and cross polination

108
Q

What is the wrinkled phenotype due to?

A

absence of starch (amlyopectin)

109
Q

Why is amylopectin not synthesized?

A

because of a mutation in starch branching enzyme

110
Q

A reproductive cell or gamete, only contains?

A

one copy of gene

111
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A cross between an organism that has a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype, and an organism that is homozygous for the recessive allele

Genetics (4 decks)

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