Test 1 Review Flashcards
Parsimony
Simple explanations more likely to be true than complex ones
Reproducibility
Proofs should be able to be duplicated w/ same results
Falsifiability
Theories should be able to be logically and logistically proven false
Observation
Proofs should be able to be observed directly w/ the senses
Measurability
Results should be able to be measured and mathematically quantified
Scientific approach is _________
Self-correcting - it will always change
Who discovered X-rays?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
When were X-rays discovered?
November 8, 1895
Who discovered fluoroscopy?
Thomas Edison
Largest source of radiation for average human?
Radon gas
ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
Refers to occupational exposure
Metric system is aka _______
Le Systeme International (SI)
British units:
RAD, REM, Roentgen
SI units:
Grays, Sieverts, Coulombs/kg2
Unit prefix for millionths
micro = Mu
Unit prefix for thousandths
milli = m
Unit prefix for hundredths
centi = c
Unit prefix for thousands
kilo = k
Unit prefix for millions
mega = M
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can’t be created/destroyed
Energy can only be transformed
2 types of Mechanical Energy
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Potential Energy
Energy of position
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
Conduction heat
Direct contact
Convection heat
Mixing of hot & cold molecules
Radiation heat
Transfer
99% of X-ray tube interactions are ____ interactions
Heat
1 reason to use technique charts
Consistency
How to determine technique?
Body part
Measurement of body part
Proton
Positively charged particle located in nucleus
Neutron
No charge particle located in nucleus
Electron
Negatively charged particle orbiting nucleus & creating orbital layers
Nucleon
Protons & neutrons
Z number
Number of protons in nucleus
Number of electrons in stable atom
Atomic weight
Slightly higher than number of nucleons
Atomic shells
Letters: K - Q
Principle Quantum Numbers: 1 - 7
2n^2 rule
Octet rule
2n^2 rule
Maximum number of electrons allowed in a shell when n = Principle Quantum Number
Octet rule
Outermost shell can never hold more than 8 electrons
Covalent bond
Bonding of 2 atoms w/odd number of electrons
2 atoms share “extra” electrons in figure 8 pattern
Much weaker than ionic bond
Ionic bond
Postive & negative ions attracted to each other electrically
Super strong bond
Molecule
2+ atoms chemically bonded together
Mixture
Combo of 2+ substances not chemically bonded
aka Suspension
Ground state
Most stable configuration of nucleons
Correct number of neutrons to stabilize atom
Radioactive state
Nucleus is unstable & spends too much energy holding itself together
Isotope
Atom w/ unusual number of neutrons
Not necessarily radioactive
Alpha particle
2 protons & 2 neutrons
Changes atom’s elemental structure
20x more damaging than X-rays
Beta particle
Breakdown of neutron into positive neutron (now a proton) & high-speed negative electron
5x more damaging than X-rays
Gamma rays
Energy release from unstable nucleus w/o change to atomic structure
Naturally occurring X-rays
Ionization
Gain/loss of electron by atom
Creates net electrical charge due to addition/subtraction of electron
2 ways electron can be removed creating an ion?
Incident electron
Incident X-ray
Ion pair
Ejected electron & its atom
Binding energy
Amount of energy used to hold orbital electron in place
Amount of energy needed to knock electron out of orbit
keV requirement for electron removal
keV equal to or greater than its binding energy
How is radiation formed from inner and outer shell elecrons?
Inner shell electron is removed from orbit & replaced by outer shell electron
Outer shell electron gives off its energy in the form of _____
X-ray
Strength of X-ray is equal to _____
Difference between the 2 binding energies
Tungsten symbol
W (Wolfram)
Tungsten Z number
74
Tungsten: K shell
Quantum number & Binding energy?
Quantum #1
Binding energy 69 kV
Tungsten: L shell
Quantum number & Binding energy?
Quantum #2
Binding energy 12 kV
Tungsten: M shell
Quantum number & Binding energy?
Quantum #3
Binding energy 3 kV
