Test 1 Review

Question 1

Parsimony

Answer 1

Simple explanations more likely to be true than complex ones

Question 2

Reproducibility

Answer 2

Proofs should be able to be duplicated w/ same results

Question 3

Falsifiability

Answer 3

Theories should be able to be logically and logistically proven false

Question 4

Observation

Answer 4

Proofs should be able to be observed directly w/ the senses

Question 5

Measurability

Answer 5

Results should be able to be measured and mathematically quantified

Question 6

Scientific approach is _________

Answer 6

Self-correcting - it will always change

Question 7

Who discovered X-rays?

Answer 7

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Question 8

When were X-rays discovered?

Answer 8

November 8, 1895

Question 9

Who discovered fluoroscopy?

Answer 9

Thomas Edison

Question 10

Largest source of radiation for average human?

Answer 10

Radon gas

Question 11

ALARA

Answer 11

As Low As Reasonably Achievable
Refers to occupational exposure

Question 12

Metric system is aka _______

Answer 12

Le Systeme International (SI)

Question 13

British units:

Answer 13

RAD, REM, Roentgen

Question 14

SI units:

Answer 14

Grays, Sieverts, Coulombs/kg2

Question 15

Unit prefix for millionths

Answer 15

micro = Mu

Question 16

Unit prefix for thousandths

Answer 16

milli = m

Question 17

Unit prefix for hundredths

Answer 17

centi = c

Question 18

Unit prefix for thousands

Answer 18

kilo = k

Question 19

Unit prefix for millions

Answer 19

mega = M

Question 20

Law of Conservation of Energy

Answer 20

Energy can’t be created/destroyed
Energy can only be transformed

Question 21

2 types of Mechanical Energy

Answer 21

Potential energy
Kinetic energy

Question 22

Potential Energy

Answer 22

Energy of position

Question 23

Kinetic Energy

Answer 23

Energy of motion

Question 24

Conduction heat

Answer 24

Direct contact

Question 25

Convection heat

Answer 25

Mixing of hot & cold molecules

Question 26

Radiation heat

Answer 26

Transfer

Question 27

99% of X-ray tube interactions are ____ interactions

Answer 27

Heat

Question 28

#1 reason to use technique charts

Answer 28

Consistency

Question 29

How to determine technique?

Answer 29

Body part Measurement of body part

Question 30

Proton

Answer 30

Positively charged particle located in nucleus

Question 31

Neutron

Answer 31

No charge particle located in nucleus

Question 32

Electron

Answer 32

Negatively charged particle orbiting nucleus & creating orbital layers

Question 33

Nucleon

Answer 33

Protons & neutrons

Question 34

Z number

Answer 34

Number of protons in nucleus Number of electrons in stable atom

Question 35

Atomic weight

Answer 35

Slightly higher than number of nucleons

Question 36

Atomic shells

Answer 36

Letters: K - Q Principle Quantum Numbers: 1 - 7 2n^2 rule Octet rule

Question 37

2n^2 rule

Answer 37

Maximum number of electrons allowed in a shell when n = Principle Quantum Number

Question 38

Octet rule

Answer 38

Outermost shell can never hold more than 8 electrons

Question 39

Covalent bond

Answer 39

Bonding of 2 atoms w/odd number of electrons 2 atoms share "extra" electrons in figure 8 pattern Much weaker than ionic bond

Question 40

Ionic bond

Answer 40

Postive & negative ions attracted to each other electrically Super strong bond

Question 41

Molecule

Answer 41

2+ atoms chemically bonded together

Question 42

Mixture

Answer 42

Combo of 2+ substances not chemically bonded aka Suspension

Question 43

Ground state

Answer 43

Most stable configuration of nucleons Correct number of neutrons to stabilize atom

Question 44

Radioactive state

Answer 44

Nucleus is unstable & spends too much energy holding itself together

Question 45

Isotope

Answer 45

Atom w/ unusual number of neutrons Not necessarily radioactive

Question 46

Alpha particle

Answer 46

2 protons & 2 neutrons Changes atom's elemental structure 20x more damaging than X-rays

Question 47

Beta particle

Answer 47

Breakdown of neutron into positive neutron (now a proton) & high-speed negative electron 5x more damaging than X-rays

Question 48

Gamma rays

Answer 48

Energy release from unstable nucleus w/o change to atomic structure Naturally occurring X-rays

Question 49

Ionization

Answer 49

Gain/loss of electron by atom Creates net electrical charge due to addition/subtraction of electron

Question 50

2 ways electron can be removed creating an ion?

Answer 50

Incident electron Incident X-ray

Question 51

Ion pair

Answer 51

Ejected electron & its atom

Question 52

Binding energy

Answer 52

Amount of energy used to hold orbital electron in place Amount of energy needed to knock electron out of orbit

Question 53

keV requirement for electron removal

Answer 53

keV equal to or greater than its binding energy

Question 54

How is radiation formed from inner and outer shell elecrons?

Answer 54

Inner shell electron is removed from orbit & replaced by outer shell electron

Question 55

Outer shell electron gives off its energy in the form of _____

Answer 55

X-ray

Question 56

Strength of X-ray is equal to _____

Answer 56

Difference between the 2 binding energies

Question 57

Tungsten symbol

Answer 57

W (Wolfram)

Question 58

Tungsten Z number

Answer 58

74

Question 59

Tungsten: K shell Quantum number & Binding energy?

Answer 59

Quantum #1 Binding energy 69 kV

Question 60

Tungsten: L shell Quantum number & Binding energy?

Answer 60

Quantum #2 Binding energy 12 kV

Question 61

Tungsten: M shell Quantum number & Binding energy?

Answer 61

Quantum #3 Binding energy 3 kV