Test 1 review Flashcards
Deviance
(different, extreme, unusual, bizarre) deviance from social/cultural norms of proper functioning
Dysfunction
(impedes with person’s ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way; interferes with daily functioning)
Distress
upsetting and unpleasant to that person or someone else)
Danger
places self or others at risk of harm)
Somatogenic perspective
abnormal psychological functioning has a physical cause
i
Origin from Emil Kraepelin and his work with syphilis and general paresis
BUT: why did medical treatments have such low efficacy (lobotomy, hydrotherapy, tooth extraction, etc.)
Somatogenic perspective supported by efficacy of medications
Psychogenic perspective
chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological
Perspective gained following when hypnotism began demonstrating its potential–>Hypnotists established that a mental process—hypnotic suggestion—could cause and cure physical dysfunction (hysterical disorders were largely psychological in origin)
Psychotropic medications
drugs that affect the brain and reduce symptoms of mental dysfunction
Antianxiety drugs
(aka minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics, benzos/barbituates) help reduce tension and anxiety
Antidepressants
help improve mood of people who are depressed
Antipsychotics
help reduce confusion, hallucinations, and delusions of psychotic disorders (disorders marked by a loss of contact with reality)
Antibipolar
(aka mood stabilizers) help steady the moods of those with bipolar disorder
Clinical interview
process of collecting detailed information via a face-to-face encounter
i. Unstructured (use of open-ended questions, lack of structure allows interviewer to explore leads and topics that couldn’t be anticipated pre-interview)
ii. vs. structured interview: use of specific questions
Tests
device for gathering information about a few aspects of a person’s psychological functioning from which broader information about the person can be inferred
Observation
systematically observing people’s behavior in naturalistic or artificial settings, or the observation of one’s own behavior
Symptoms of GAD
For 6+ months, person must experience disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety and worry about multiple matters
Symptoms must include at least three of the following: edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems
Significant distress or impairment
Anxiety disorders one of the most common disorders in US
GABA
Primary inhibitory NT known to counterbalance glutamate
When GABA received at a receptor, neuron stops firing
Hypothesis: people with GAD might have ongoing problems in their anxiety feedback system (maybe too few GABA receptors, or GABA receptors don’t readily capture NT)
Think of fear reaction and overall excitability, GABA released to counter this excitability and bring us to baseline but in people with a malfunction in this feedback system, fear/anxiety can go unchecked
Symptoms of a panic attack
Def: periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass
Feature at least four of the following symptoms: panic, palpitations, tingling of hands or feet, shortness of breath, sweating, hot and cold flashes, trembling, chest pains, choking sensations, faintness, dizziness
Schemas
deeply engrained beliefs about self, others, life; can form in response to CPTSD
Personas
personality an individual projects to others, as differentiated from authentic self
triggered responses to schemas developed from CPTSD that can be protective, avoidant, or over-compensatory
Why might protective personas develop in response to CPTSD
Cannot physically withdraw, so you psychologically withdraw
Coping strategy for overwhelming experiences
Cannot leave, forced to continue being retraumatized-> creation of a “separate self’
People who experience complex trauma from an early age must protect themselves in some way in order to cope. They are also more likely to have developed schemas that “the world is a dangerous place” or “I am note safe”. Rather than jeopardize one’s conscious safety and well-being, one means of protection is to take on a protective persona. This protective persona is better equipped to handle the stressors that the individual cannot normally handle.
Symptoms of MDD
Weight or appetite change
Daily insomnia or hypersomnia
Daily agitation or decrease in motor activity
Daily fatigue or lethargy
Daily feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
Daily reduction in concentration or decisiveness
Bipolar 1
a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes
Bipolar 2
a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes, no history of manic episodes
Manic episode symptoms
Grandiosity or overblown self esteem
Reduced sleep need
Rapidly shifting ideas or sense that one’s thoughts are moving quickly
mm. Attention pulled in many directions
Heightened activity or agitated movements
Excessive pursuit of risky and potentially problematic activities
Intentional suicide
a self-inflicted death in which one makes an intentional, direct, and conscious effort to end one’s life
subintentional suicide
a death in which the victim plays an indirect, hidden, partial, or unconscious role
factitious disorder imposed on self
false creation of physical psychological symptoms, or deceptive production of injury, disease, even without external rewards
Presentation of SELF as injured or hurt
Aka Munchausen syndrome
factitious disorder imposed on other
false creation of physical or psychological symptoms in ANOTHER PERSON, even without external rewards
Presentation of ANOTHER PERSON (victim) as ill, damaged, or hurt
Aka Munchausen syndrome by proxy
anorexia nervosa restricting subtype
lose weight by cutting out sweet and fattening foods, eventually eliminating all good, show almost no variability in diet
anorexia nervosa binge eating/purging subtype
lose weight by FORCING THEMSELVES TO VOMIT after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics, may engage in eating binges
Bulimia
• REPEATED BINGE EATING EPISODES
Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (like forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain
Symptoms take place at least weekly for 3+ months
Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of self
