Test 1 Questions Flashcards
Explain why Koch’s development of semi-solid growth medium was key to demonstrating that a particular microorganism caused a specific disease.
By being able to create a pure culture rather than a mixed culture of a specific microorganism using a semi-solid growth medium, Koch was able to test on a healthy organism what particular microorganism caused the specific disease from the infected organism.
Explain how the presence of nitrate allows some organisms to generate ATP in the absence of oxygen. (Not simply the name of the process; explain how it works.)
In the absence of oxygen the presence of nitrate allows anaerobic respiration to create ATP. Using the electron transport chain as the final electron acceptor nitrate is accepted and goes through the process of turning nitrate into ATP rather than using oxygen that is not available.
Electron-carrying molecules that move between enzymes are called:
coenzymes
Glycolysis produces ATP via ____ phosphorylation.
substrate-level
On a ____ plate, a sample is diluted directly on the plate to produce isolated colonies.
T-streak
In bright field microscopy _____ between the cells and the background is generated through the absorption or scattering of light.
contrast
Organisms growing with pyruvate as their carbon source must carry out ___ to produce 6-carbon sugars.
gluconeogenesis
A tiny stylus positioned so close to a specimen that weak repulsive forces are established is used in ____ microscopy.
atomic force
Extremophile organisms are often members of the domain ____.
archaea
Heavy metal stains are using in sample preparation for _____ microscopy.
electron
The proton motive force is used to generate ATP via the process called ___ phosphorylation.
oxidative
Proteobacteria that underwent endosymbiosis produced ____ in eukaryotic cells.
a mitochondria
Haploid organisms contain how many copies of their genome per cell?
One
Together, the processes of glycolysis and the TCA cycle convert the carbon of glucose into ____.
CO2
The part of a cell’s metabolism that produces new building blocks for cell growth is called:
Anabolism
Organisms that harvest light energy and convert CO2 into organic carbon are called:
Photoautotrophs
What scientist formally disproved the theory of Spontaneous Generation?
Pasteur
Altering which of the following would NOT have an effect on the resolution of a light microscope?
1)Staining technique used
2)Wavelength of light used
3)Numerical aperture of the lens
4)light gathering ability of the lens
5)use of an oil immersion lens
Staining technique used
According to the theory of endosymbiosis, Chloroplasts are thought to have originated from:
1)Cyanobacteria
2) Yeast
3)Hyperthermophiles
4)Proteobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Which of the following is a prosthetic group involved in respiration?
1)FeS cluster
2)NAHD
3)FAD+
4)Cytochrome C
FeS cluster
Vaccines for the prevention of anthrax and rabies were first developed by:
1)Koch
2)Jenner
3)Hooke
4)Pasteur
Pasteur
An organism utilizes inorganic chemicals as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. This organism would be classified as a:
1)chemoheterotroph
2)chemolithoautotroph
3)photoautotroph
4)photoheterotroph
5)chemoorganotroph
Chemolithoautotroph
Glycolysis is the process of converting ____.
1)CO2 to glucose
2)starch to glucose
3)pyruvate to CO2
4)glucose to pyruvate
5)glucose to ATP
glucose to pyruvate
Nucleotides contain multiple nitrogen atoms. During biosynthesis of nucleotides, the nitrogen atoms are derived from:
1)Ammonium ions
2) Amino acids
3)Nitrate
4)Nucleotides taken up from the medium
5)Nitrogen gas fixation
Amino acids
Select the TRUE statement about enzymes.
1)Enzymes increase the amount of activation energy required to achieve the transition state.
2)Enzymes determine the direction of the reactions that they catalyze.
3)Enzymes always use ATP to drive reactions forward
4)Enzymes are not consumed during their reactions.
Enzymes are not consumed during their reactions.
If a chemoorganotroph grows without external terminal electron acceptors, it likely carries out:
1)Aerobic respiration
2)Anaerobic respiration
3)Fermentation
4)Photophosphorylation
Fermentation
Studies by Beijerinck and Winogradsky did NOT demonstrate which of the following?
1)Chemolithotrophy to obtain energy
2)Fixation of CO2 is not always associated with photosynthesis
3)Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into cellular nitrogen
4)Photolithotrophy to obtain energy
Photolithotrophy to obtain energy
Eukarya can be differentiated from all other organisms based on:
1)The structure of their lipids
2)The presence of a nucleus
3)The first amino acid in their proteins
4)The presence of a cytoplasmic membrane
5)All of the above
The presence of a nucleus
Who was the first person to create a microscope powerful enough to observe bacteria?
1)Robert Hooke
2)Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
3)Joseph Lister
4)Robert Koch
5)Martinus Beijerinck
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
The average diameter of most common bacterial cells is:
1)1000 micrometers
2)100 micrometers
3)10 micrometers
4)1 micrometer
5)0.1 micrometer
1 micrometer
In a Redox reaction, the electron acceptor becomes:
1)Reduced
2)Oxidized
3)Carboxylated
4)Positively charged
5)Hydrophobic
Reduced
What type of microscopy is commonly used to determine the location of a specific protein within a cell?
1)Bright field microscopy
2)Fluorescence microscopy
3)Dark field microscopy
4)Phase contrast microscopy
5)Atomic force microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy
During the process of fermentation:
1)The electron transport chain is utilized
2)Coenzymes are oxidized
3)Oxygen is a required component
4)A large quantity of ATP is generated
Coenzymes are oxidized
Which of the following is FALSE concerning viruses?
1)Viruses may have DNA or RNA as their nucleic acid
2)Viruses do not have ribosomes or cytoplasm
3)Viruses have a protein capsid
4)Viruses must infect a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell in order to reproduce
5)None of the above are false statements
None of the above are false statements
Select the FALSE statement. Dark field microscopy:
1)has better resolution than bright field microscopy
2)required that samples emit natural fluorescence in order to be visualized
3)can be used to view the flagella of live cells
4)does NOT require a stain to make the background dark
requires that samples emit natural fluorescence in order to be visualized
What type of molecule has most frequently been used to determine the evolutionary relatedness of organisms?
1)Lipids
2)mRNA
3)rRNA
4)tRNA
5)Protein
rRNA
The purpose of a differential stain is to:
1)Diffract a particular wavelength of light
2)Classify an organism into a specific group
3)Determine the best type of microscopy for a particular application
4)Determine if an organism is chemotrophic of phototrophic
5)Allow visualization of live cells
Classify an organism into a specific group
Cytochromes are proteins involves in :
1)Fermentation
2)Electron transport chains
3)Glycolysis
4)The pentose-phosphate pathway
5)The TCA/Citric Acid Cycle
Electron transport chains
Who first utilized the term “vaccination”?
1)Hooke
2)Jenner
3)Lister
4)Koch
5)Pasteur
Jenner
During the biosynthesis of fatty acids, the carbon chain is lengthened by ___ -carbon units in each cycle.
1)One
2)Two
3)Three
4)Four
Two
If a chemotroph uses the electron transport chain in catabolism without O2, it performs:
1)Aerobic respiration
2)Anaerobic respiration
3)Fermentation
4)Phosphorylation
Anaerobic respiration
In the mid-1800s, this man developed the concept of disinfection of wounds and surgical rooms.
1)Edward Jenner
2)Joseph Lister
3)Louis Pasteur
4)Julius Petri
Joseph Lister
If a microscope has a 20X condenser lens, a40x objective lens, and a 10X ocular lens, then the total magnification achieved will be:
1)40X
2)200X
3)400X
4)800X
5)2000X
6)8000X
400X
The purpose of Koch’s Postulates is to:
1)Demonstrate the infectious agent causing a particular disease
2)Determine how an infectious agent causes a particular disease
3)Determine what infectious agents are in a sample
4)Determine an infectious agent’s relative virulence
Demonstrate the infectious agent causing a particular disease.
During the biosynthesis of amino acids, nitrogen atoms are commonly added by what enzymes?
1)Transaminases
2)Amino acyl synthetases
3)Folic acid transferases
4)ATP transferases
5)Nitrate dehydrogenases
Transaminases
The electron transport chain contributes to the generation of ATP through…
1)Substrate-level phosphorylation
2)The transfer of high energy prothetic groups between protein complexes
3)enzymatically driven reactions that allow electron transfer up the redox tower
4)reducing NAD+ to NADH.
5)generation of a proton gradient.
generation of a proton gradient
The DNA within prokaryotic cells is generally found in:
1)linear single-stranded molecules
2)linear double-stranded molecules
3)circular single-stranded molecules
4)circular double-stranded molecules
circular double-stranded molecules
