HW 8-10 Flashcards
Translation initiation in Archaea requires which of the following factors?
mRNA, ribosome binding site, start codon, Met-tRNA, and 70s ribosome
Have circular chromosomes
Bacteria and Archaea
Have Operons
Bacteria and Archaea
Produce mRNA with poly-A tails
Eukarya
Have coupled Transcription-translation
Bacteria and Archaea
Have sigma factors
Bacteria
Have TATA binding protein
Archaea and Eukarya
The enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication is called:
helicase
Within a nucleosome, DNA is in a complex with proteins called:
Histones
Describe the structure of an Operon. Then, explain why operons can be useful for the gene regulation of an organism.
The operon is the arrangement of multiple genes downstream of a single promoter in the DNA. The genes in an operon are often involved in the same process, so regulation of a single promoter allows control of expression of that process.
The sites in DNA that are bound by bacterial DNA-binding proteins frequently have which characteristic?
1)They contain stretches of a single repeating nucleotide
2)They are dimers
3)They contain methylated DNA
4)They contain nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone
5)They contain inverted repeat sequences
They contain inverted repeat sequences
Activator proteins most frequently bind to DNA:
1)Covering the +1 site
2)Covering the -10 site
3)Covering the -35 site
4)Between the -10 and -35 sites
5)Upstream of a promoter
6)Downstream of a promoter
Upstream of a promoter
Transfer of DNA during cell-cell contact
Conjugation
Bacterial chromosomal DNA packaged into a phage particle
Transduction
A DNA element that can move itself from one DNA molecule to another
Transposon
Chemical disruption of a cell envelope to allow DNA entry
Artificial transformation
_____ is a regulatory mechanism used by bacterial cells to determine their population density and respond accordingly.
Quorum sensing
Direct contact between two cells for DNA exchange is initiated using a structure called a:
Pilus
When new DNA enters a bacterial cell, what must happen for that DNA to become a heritable part of the genome?
For the DNA to become heritable, the DNA must be replicated. Two ways this can happen is either the DNA must be recombined into the recipient chromosome, or it can be a plasmid.
As bacterial genomes get smaller:
1)Life span dramatically decreases even under ideal conditions
2)Adaptation becomes easier
3)Organisms are characterized by more diverse nutrient acquisition.
4)Parasitic interactions decrease
5)The overall percent of genes delegated to transcription and translation increase
The overall percent of genes delegated to transcription and translation increase
What do we call the set of genes that is found within the collection of species present in a particular environment?
1)Pan-geneome
2)Core genome
3)Metagenome
4)Transgenome
5)Pathogenome
Metagenome
Transcriptome
The set of all RNA molecules present in a cell under one set of conditions
Metabolome
The set of all small molecules present in a cell under one set of conditions
Genome
The set of all DNA sequences present in a cell
Proteome
The set of all proteins present in a cell under one set of conditions
The set of genes that is found in every strain of a species is called the:
core genome
The related genes that have identical functions in two different species are called:
orthologs
What is the most likely series of evolutionary events that resulted in Bacillus subtilis having multiple sigma factors that drive different steps in the sporulation process?
The multiple sigma genes were produced by gene duplication. Each gene then evolved slowly over time to take on a new function.
