HW 8-10

Question 1

Translation initiation in Archaea requires which of the following factors?

Answer 1

mRNA, ribosome binding site, start codon, Met-tRNA, and 70s ribosome

Question 2

Have circular chromosomes

Answer 2

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 3

Have Operons

Answer 3

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 4

Produce mRNA with poly-A tails

Answer 4

Eukarya

Question 5

Have coupled Transcription-translation

Answer 5

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 6

Have sigma factors

Answer 6

Bacteria

Question 7

Have TATA binding protein

Answer 7

Archaea and Eukarya

Question 8

The enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication is called:

Answer 8

helicase

Question 9

Within a nucleosome, DNA is in a complex with proteins called:

Answer 9

Histones

Question 10

Describe the structure of an Operon. Then, explain why operons can be useful for the gene regulation of an organism.

Answer 10

The operon is the arrangement of multiple genes downstream of a single promoter in the DNA. The genes in an operon are often involved in the same process, so regulation of a single promoter allows control of expression of that process.

Question 11

The sites in DNA that are bound by bacterial DNA-binding proteins frequently have which characteristic?
1)They contain stretches of a single repeating nucleotide
2)They are dimers
3)They contain methylated DNA
4)They contain nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone
5)They contain inverted repeat sequences

Answer 11

They contain inverted repeat sequences

Question 12

Activator proteins most frequently bind to DNA:
1)Covering the +1 site
2)Covering the -10 site
3)Covering the -35 site
4)Between the -10 and -35 sites
5)Upstream of a promoter
6)Downstream of a promoter

Answer 12

Upstream of a promoter

Question 13

Transfer of DNA during cell-cell contact

Answer 13

Conjugation

Question 14

Bacterial chromosomal DNA packaged into a phage particle

Answer 14

Transduction

Question 15

A DNA element that can move itself from one DNA molecule to another

Answer 15

Transposon

Question 16

Chemical disruption of a cell envelope to allow DNA entry

Answer 16

Artificial transformation

Question 17

_____ is a regulatory mechanism used by bacterial cells to determine their population density and respond accordingly.

Answer 17

Quorum sensing

Question 18

Direct contact between two cells for DNA exchange is initiated using a structure called a:

Answer 18

Pilus

Question 19

When new DNA enters a bacterial cell, what must happen for that DNA to become a heritable part of the genome?

Answer 19

For the DNA to become heritable, the DNA must be replicated. Two ways this can happen is either the DNA must be recombined into the recipient chromosome, or it can be a plasmid.

Question 20

As bacterial genomes get smaller:
1)Life span dramatically decreases even under ideal conditions
2)Adaptation becomes easier
3)Organisms are characterized by more diverse nutrient acquisition.
4)Parasitic interactions decrease
5)The overall percent of genes delegated to transcription and translation increase

Answer 20

The overall percent of genes delegated to transcription and translation increase

Question 21

What do we call the set of genes that is found within the collection of species present in a particular environment?
1)Pan-geneome
2)Core genome
3)Metagenome
4)Transgenome
5)Pathogenome

Answer 21

Metagenome

Question 22

Transcriptome

Answer 22

The set of all RNA molecules present in a cell under one set of conditions

Question 23

Metabolome

Answer 23

The set of all small molecules present in a cell under one set of conditions

Question 24

Genome

Answer 24

The set of all DNA sequences present in a cell

Question 25

Proteome

Answer 25

The set of all proteins present in a cell under one set of conditions

Question 26

The set of genes that is found in every strain of a species is called the:

Answer 26

core genome

Question 27

The related genes that have identical functions in two different species are called:

Answer 27

orthologs

Question 28

What is the most likely series of evolutionary events that resulted in Bacillus subtilis having multiple sigma factors that drive different steps in the sporulation process?

Answer 28

The multiple sigma genes were produced by gene duplication. Each gene then evolved slowly over time to take on a new function.