Test 1 prep Flashcards
Decorticate Posturing
Flexed posture. Elbow flexed, fingers/wrist flexed, adducted arms, internally rotated legs, plantar flexed. First contracture in the elbow. Suggests damage to the cortico-spinal tract, more favorable outcome
Decerebrare posturing
Extension posturing. The elbow is extended, flexed fingers and wrist, adducted arm, pronated arm, plantar flexed. This suggests severe injury to the brain at brainstem. Occurs in meningitis and brain damage.
Opisthotonos
severe muscle spasm of the neck and back
Orientation
person, place, time, situation
Bottom Up
measure component skills, looks at a specific skill
Top Down
performance in task, looks at skill
motor control
ability to regulate and direct the mechanisms essential to movement. It is the outcome of motor
learning
Tone
resistance of a muscle to passive elongation or stretching.
normal tone
co activation of proximal and axial joints. Ability to move against gravity and resistance, can maintain position of limb passively placed, balance agonist and antagonist muscle tone, ability to use muscles in groups or separately. slight resistance in response to passive movement
High tone
rigidity and spasticity
low tone
flaccidity and hypotonia
flaccidity
complete loss of muscle tone
Hypotonia
Reduction in muscle stiffness, characterized by low tone, weak neck/trunk control, poor muscular co-contraction, limited stability.
Spasticity
hyperonicity
Rigidity
Hypertonicity with heightened resistance to passive movement
Modified Ashworth Scale
0: no increase in muscle tone
1: slight increase in muscle tone
1+: slight increase in muscle tone followed by minimal resistance in ROM
2: more increase in muscle tone through most of ROM
3: Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult
9: unable to test
Coordination
ability to produce accurate controlled movement
Coordination problems
synergy, coactivation, timing problems
synergy
abnormal or disordered motor control
coactivation
agonist and antagonist muscles both fire, preventing functional movement
Incoordination
extraneous, uneven, or inaccurate movements caused by trauma to muscles or peripheral diseases
Motor learning
the study of the acquisition and/or modification of movement. A set of processes associated with practice and experience that leads to permanent change
When does motor learning occur
during normal motor development, re-learning motor skills post injury/disease
training
temporary change that occurs when performer is provided with solutions to problems
learning
relatively permanent change in capability for responding that occurs as result of practice or experience
Factors influencing motor learning
stages of learning, type of task, feedback, practice
feedback
provides guidance, reference for correction and motivation
concurrent feedback
offered during movement
terminal feedback
offered at the end of movement
intrinsic feedback
feedback from individual’s sensory system as a result of movement
extrinsic feedback
feedback from the environment (device or therapist)
Knowledge of Results
knowledge of what the movement produces or outcome in terms of goals
Knowledge of Performance
knowledge about the movement pattern or process during a task
Stages of motor learning
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
cognitive (verbal) stage
info gathered about task demands, movements are slow with lots of errors. Explanations and demonstrations valuable
Associative stage
distinguish between correct performance and error, attention to fine details
Autonomous stage
skill automatic, does not require attention, performance is stable
Levels of usage
Nonassistive, minimal stabilizing assist, minimal active assist, maximal active assist
Nonassistve
unable to use limb in functional activities because or pain, loss of ROM, neglect and apraxia
minimal stabilizing assist
use of limb passively to old objects such as stabilizing paper while writing
Minimal active assist
use shoulder and elbow to actively to place limb on lap or through sleeves of shirt. No active hand use
maximal active assist
use the limb actively with shoulder, elbow, gross grasp and release
