Test 1 prep

Question 1

Decorticate Posturing

Answer 1

Flexed posture. Elbow flexed, fingers/wrist flexed, adducted arms, internally rotated legs, plantar flexed. First contracture in the elbow. Suggests damage to the cortico-spinal tract, more favorable outcome

Question 2

Decerebrare posturing

Answer 2

Extension posturing. The elbow is extended, flexed fingers and wrist, adducted arm, pronated arm, plantar flexed. This suggests severe injury to the brain at brainstem. Occurs in meningitis and brain damage.

Question 3

Opisthotonos

Answer 3

severe muscle spasm of the neck and back

Question 4

Orientation

Answer 4

person, place, time, situation

Question 5

Bottom Up

Answer 5

measure component skills, looks at a specific skill

Question 6

Top Down

Answer 6

performance in task, looks at skill

Question 7

motor control

Answer 7

ability to regulate and direct the mechanisms essential to movement. It is the outcome of motor
learning

Question 8

Tone

Answer 8

resistance of a muscle to passive elongation or stretching.

Question 9

normal tone

Answer 9

co activation of proximal and axial joints. Ability to move against gravity and resistance, can maintain position of limb passively placed, balance agonist and antagonist muscle tone, ability to use muscles in groups or separately. slight resistance in response to passive movement

Question 10

High tone

Answer 10

rigidity and spasticity

Question 11

low tone

Answer 11

flaccidity and hypotonia

Question 12

flaccidity

Answer 12

complete loss of muscle tone

Question 13

Hypotonia

Answer 13

Reduction in muscle stiffness, characterized by low tone, weak neck/trunk control, poor muscular co-contraction, limited stability.

Question 14

Spasticity

Answer 14

hyperonicity

Question 15

Rigidity

Answer 15

Hypertonicity with heightened resistance to passive movement

Question 16

Modified Ashworth Scale

Answer 16

0: no increase in muscle tone
1: slight increase in muscle tone
1+: slight increase in muscle tone followed by minimal resistance in ROM
2: more increase in muscle tone through most of ROM
3: Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult
9: unable to test

Question 17

Coordination

Answer 17

ability to produce accurate controlled movement

Question 18

Coordination problems

Answer 18

synergy, coactivation, timing problems

Question 19

synergy

Answer 19

abnormal or disordered motor control

Question 20

coactivation

Answer 20

agonist and antagonist muscles both fire, preventing functional movement

Question 21

Incoordination

Answer 21

extraneous, uneven, or inaccurate movements caused by trauma to muscles or peripheral diseases

Question 22

Motor learning

Answer 22

the study of the acquisition and/or modification of movement. A set of processes associated with practice and experience that leads to permanent change

Question 23

When does motor learning occur

Answer 23

during normal motor development, re-learning motor skills post injury/disease

Question 24

training

Answer 24

temporary change that occurs when performer is provided with solutions to problems

Question 25

learning

Answer 25

relatively permanent change in capability for responding that occurs as result of practice or experience

Question 26

Factors influencing motor learning

Answer 26

stages of learning, type of task, feedback, practice

Question 27

feedback

Answer 27

provides guidance, reference for correction and motivation

Question 28

concurrent feedback

Answer 28

offered during movement

Question 29

terminal feedback

Answer 29

offered at the end of movement

Question 30

intrinsic feedback

Answer 30

feedback from individual’s sensory system as a result of movement

Question 31

extrinsic feedback

Answer 31

feedback from the environment (device or therapist)

Question 32

Knowledge of Results

Answer 32

knowledge of what the movement produces or outcome in terms of goals

Question 33

Knowledge of Performance

Answer 33

knowledge about the movement pattern or process during a task

Question 34

Stages of motor learning

Answer 34

1. cognitive
2. associative
3. autonomous

Question 35

cognitive (verbal) stage

Answer 35

info gathered about task demands, movements are slow with lots of errors. Explanations and demonstrations valuable

Question 36

Associative stage

Answer 36

distinguish between correct performance and error, attention to fine details

Question 37

Autonomous stage

Answer 37

skill automatic, does not require attention, performance is stable

Question 38

Levels of usage

Answer 38

Nonassistive, minimal stabilizing assist, minimal active assist, maximal active assist

Question 39

Nonassistve

Answer 39

unable to use limb in functional activities because or pain, loss of ROM, neglect and apraxia

Question 40

minimal stabilizing assist

Answer 40

use of limb passively to old objects such as stabilizing paper while writing

Question 41

Minimal active assist

Answer 41

use shoulder and elbow to actively to place limb on lap or through sleeves of shirt. No active hand use

Question 42

maximal active assist

Answer 42

use the limb actively with shoulder, elbow, gross grasp and release