Test 1 Part 3 Flashcards
What kind of drugs can pass readily into the brain?
lipid-soluble
What is the term for an affinity, or attraction, of a drug to a specific organ or cells?
Selective Distribution
some drugs must be chemically altered before they can be excreted. What is this process called?
metabolism aka detoxification aka biotransformation
what enzyme which is needed for drug metabolism is referred to as the drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)?
cytochrome P450
T/F: During biotransformation (metabolism), most drugs are initially converted into pharmacologically active metabolites while a few are inactivated.
False; vice-versa (most are inactivated)
CYP3A4:
What’s the gene family?
gene coding?
subfamily?
CYP3=family
A=subfamily
4=coding
T/F: with an increase in the amount of enzymes, there is a faster rate of drug metabolism, so the duration of drug action is decreased for all drugs metabolized by the microsomal enzymes.
True
T/F: When certain drugs inhibit the DMMS enzymes, the metabolism of all drugs metabolized by these enzymes is slowed which decreases the duration and intensity of the drugs.
False; this increases the duration and intensity.
the faster it’s broken down, the shorter and less intense the effect
T/F: After oral administration, all drugs are absorbed into portal circulation.
True
What are the 5 major ways drugs are excreted?
urine, bile, lungs, GI tract, breast milk
When is active diffusion used in the process of excreting drugs?
biliary excreteion
What phase is described as “what the drug does to the body?”
Pharmacodynamic phase
T/F: the pharmacodynamic phase is affected by the form of the drug and the route of administration.
True
What are the 2 requirements every drug must fulfill prior to FDA approval for use in humans?
efficacy and safety
LD50/ED50 =??
Therapeutic index (TI), used to establish doasge levels in animal trials
What is the term/acronym for the highest dose without an adverse effect? for lowest dose at which a statistically significant adverse effect was observed?
No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL);
Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)
Since supplement manufacturers do not have to prove they safe or effective, who is responsible for proving when a supplement is unsafe?
FDA
What type of unexpected/adverse effect is usually due to genetic variations in enzymes, altering drug metabolism?
Idiosyncrasy
What is the term for an effect that is opposite of what is expected?
paradoxical
What type of toxicity leads to cell death, tissue lesions, and often damages target or specific organs? what organs are most susceptible?
Direct toxicity;
liver, kidneys, lungs
Proliferation of peroxisomes due to liver toxicity can lead to what?
modulation of gene expression
T/F: Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and bilirubin numbers will all increase if the liver is damaged while albumin levels will decrease.
True
T/F: Creatinine and Blood urea nitrogen will both decrease in the event of kidney damage/dysfunction.
False; will both increase
What organ receives 100% of the cardiac output?
lungs
T/F: there are several biochemical tests for detection of lung damage.
False; none. they use forced expiratory volume to see if it has decreased or tissue sampling
When is the embryo/fetus most susceptible to gross anatomical abnormalities from drugs, radiation, chemical hazards, etc.?
during organogenesis (18-55 days)
T/F: Drug toxicity may cause immunosuppresion.
True
What is the term form when a drug interacts with DNA, damaging or otherwise disturbing it?
mutagenesis aka genetic toxicity
What is the term for chromosomal damage? term for acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes?
clastogenesis;
aneugenesis
What is term for DNA mutation pertaining to carcinogenesis?
initiation
What is the term for altered gene expression and regulation as it pertains to carcinogenesis?
promotion
What is the term for another mutation leading to proliferation of initiated cells as it pertains to carcinogenesis?
progression
What is the term for drugs that cause birth defects from maternal drug administration?
teratogens
