Test 1 Part 3

Question 1

What kind of drugs can pass readily into the brain?

Answer 1

lipid-soluble

Question 2

What is the term for an affinity, or attraction, of a drug to a specific organ or cells?

Answer 2

Selective Distribution

Question 3

some drugs must be chemically altered before they can be excreted. What is this process called?

Answer 3

metabolism aka detoxification aka biotransformation

Question 4

what enzyme which is needed for drug metabolism is referred to as the drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)?

Answer 4

cytochrome P450

Question 5

T/F: During biotransformation (metabolism), most drugs are initially converted into pharmacologically active metabolites while a few are inactivated.

Answer 5

False; vice-versa (most are inactivated)

Question 6

CYP3A4:
What’s the gene family?
gene coding?
subfamily?

Answer 6

CYP3=family
A=subfamily
4=coding

Question 7

T/F: with an increase in the amount of enzymes, there is a faster rate of drug metabolism, so the duration of drug action is decreased for all drugs metabolized by the microsomal enzymes.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T/F: When certain drugs inhibit the DMMS enzymes, the metabolism of all drugs metabolized by these enzymes is slowed which decreases the duration and intensity of the drugs.

Answer 8

False; this increases the duration and intensity.

the faster it’s broken down, the shorter and less intense the effect

Question 9

T/F: After oral administration, all drugs are absorbed into portal circulation.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What are the 5 major ways drugs are excreted?

Answer 10

urine, bile, lungs, GI tract, breast milk

Question 11

When is active diffusion used in the process of excreting drugs?

Answer 11

biliary excreteion

Question 12

What phase is described as “what the drug does to the body?”

Answer 12

Pharmacodynamic phase

Question 13

T/F: the pharmacodynamic phase is affected by the form of the drug and the route of administration.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What are the 2 requirements every drug must fulfill prior to FDA approval for use in humans?

Answer 14

efficacy and safety

Question 15

LD50/ED50 =??

Answer 15

Therapeutic index (TI), used to establish doasge levels in animal trials

Question 16

What is the term/acronym for the highest dose without an adverse effect? for lowest dose at which a statistically significant adverse effect was observed?

Answer 16

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL);

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)

Question 17

Since supplement manufacturers do not have to prove they safe or effective, who is responsible for proving when a supplement is unsafe?

Answer 17

FDA

Question 18

What type of unexpected/adverse effect is usually due to genetic variations in enzymes, altering drug metabolism?

Answer 18

Idiosyncrasy

Question 19

What is the term for an effect that is opposite of what is expected?

Answer 19

paradoxical

Question 20

What type of toxicity leads to cell death, tissue lesions, and often damages target or specific organs? what organs are most susceptible?

Answer 20

Direct toxicity;

liver, kidneys, lungs

Question 21

Proliferation of peroxisomes due to liver toxicity can lead to what?

Answer 21

modulation of gene expression

Question 22

T/F: Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and bilirubin numbers will all increase if the liver is damaged while albumin levels will decrease.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

T/F: Creatinine and Blood urea nitrogen will both decrease in the event of kidney damage/dysfunction.

Answer 23

False; will both increase

Question 24

What organ receives 100% of the cardiac output?

Answer 24

lungs

Question 25

T/F: there are several biochemical tests for detection of lung damage.

Answer 25

False; none. they use forced expiratory volume to see if it has decreased or tissue sampling

Question 26

When is the embryo/fetus most susceptible to gross anatomical abnormalities from drugs, radiation, chemical hazards, etc.?

Answer 26

during organogenesis (18-55 days)

Question 27

T/F: Drug toxicity may cause immunosuppresion.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What is the term form when a drug interacts with DNA, damaging or otherwise disturbing it?

Answer 28

mutagenesis aka genetic toxicity

Question 29

What is the term for chromosomal damage? term for acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes?

Answer 29

clastogenesis;

aneugenesis

Question 30

What is term for DNA mutation pertaining to carcinogenesis?

Answer 30

initiation

Question 31

What is the term for altered gene expression and regulation as it pertains to carcinogenesis?

Answer 31

promotion

Question 32

What is the term for another mutation leading to proliferation of initiated cells as it pertains to carcinogenesis?

Answer 32

progression

Question 33

What is the term for drugs that cause birth defects from maternal drug administration?

Answer 33

teratogens