Test 1 Part 2 Flashcards
What is the term for a side effect that is negative, undesirable, unpleasant, or even dangerous?
adverse effect
What is the term for an adverse effect of a drug resulting in drug poisoning which can be life-threatening?
toxic effect/toxicity
What is the term for the location within the body where the drug exerts its therapeutic effect such as aspirin acting at the hypothalamus to lower fever?
site of action
What is the term for how a drug works?
mechanism of action
T/F: Drug actions usually begin after the drug attaches itself to some chemical structure known as the site of action.
False; this is the receptor site
T/F: Antagonists are drugs that bind to a specific receptor and produce an action.
False; this is true of agonists. Antagonists bind and prohibit an effect.
What is the term for when both agonist and antagonist drugs bind to the same receptor and are administered together?
competitive antagonism
T/F: most chemicals have antidotes (antagonists) for reversing toxicity.
False; most do not
What two things determine the strength of a drug action?
dose and frequency
Drug response is proportional to the dose. When maximal response is eventually reached, what is it called? dose necessary for half of max response?
ceiling effect;
dose necessary for half of the max response is the ED50 or effective dose 50
What are the 3 phases of drug activity (in order)?
pharmaceutic,
pharmacokinetic,
pharmacodynamic
Sue did Coke with Cody
What phase occurs after the drug is given and involves disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form which is affected by the form of the drug and the route of administration?
pharmaceutic
What drug form is aka troches?
lozenges
T/F: elixirs and tinctures are known as aqueous forms of drugs.
False; these are alcoholic drug forms.
aqueous forms includes suspensions and things like antibiotics for children (the pink stuff)
Which drug form is most often compressed into tablets?
powder
Which drug form has an acid-resistant coating?
enteric-coated
What drug form is mixed with a substance that melts at body temp?
suppositories
What drug form is a liquid or powder dissolved in sterile solution including things like vaccines, morphine, or epinephrine?
parenteral injections
What are the 4 routes of drug administration that are not considered parenteral?
Buccal,
Rectal,
Oral (PO),
Sublingual
BROS
What phase is “what the body does to the drug?”
pharmacokinetic phase
ADME describes the pharmacokinetic phase. What does ADME stand for?
Absorption,
Distribution,
Metabolism,
Excretion
When are acid drugs mostly unionized/absorbed? basic drugs?
when in acidic fluid (gastric juices);
when in alkaline fluid (SI)
T/F: the more lipid soluble a drug is, the easier it will pass through cell membranes.
True
T/F: Contrary to popular belief, food does not slow the absorption of drugs.
False; food tends to slow absorption
Which route of administration is absorbed faster, intramuscular or subcutaneous?
intramuscular, but intravenous is faster still
T/F: although all mechanisms of absorption can occur in the GI tract, active diffusion occurs mostly.
false; mostly passive diffusion
T/F: drug absorption in the lungs occurs by active diffusion.
False; passive diffusion
T/F: the epidermis is packed with keratin which limits absorption of foreign compounds, but when absorption does occur, it occurs via active diffusion.
Nope. still passive diffusion
T/F: Only lipophilic (fat-loving/water-hating) compounds are absorbed through the skin via passive diffusion.
True
What is the term for the % of a dose that reaches the bloodstream?
bioavailability
T/F: Bioavailability is defined differently for drugs as opposed to dietary supplements due to the method of administration and FDA regulations.
True
T/F: Only unbound (free) drug molecules can exert a pharmacological effect.
True
What 3 organs have the largest blood supply making them often the most exposed to lipid-soluble drugs?
liver, kidneys, and brain
Swap lungs for brain when dealing with water-soluble drugs.
