Test #1 Part 2 Flashcards
What is a ligament?
Tissue anchored to bone that is very tough.
What three types of joints are there?
Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Diarthrodial (synovial)
What is a synarthrodial joint?
None moving joint i.e. sutures
What is an amphiarthrodial joint?
Sometimes moving joints i.e. symphysis pubis
What is a diarthrodial/synovial joint?
Moves freely.
What is the miniscus and what is its purpose?
Fibro cartilage
Purposes:
- Deepens the socket
- Serves as a guide wire
- shock absorber
What does DVT stand for?
Deep Vein Thrombosus
What are some symptoms of DVT?
- Leg aches in calf or thigh
- Temperature increase
- redness/red streak
What does PE stand for?
Pulmonary envolye
What does MP stand for?
Metacarpal phalanges
What does PIP stand for?
Proximal interphalanges
What does DIP stand for?
Distal interphalanges
What is Hyperextension?
going beyond natural position
When winding up before throwing a softball… during the wind up your body going beyond natural position is…
Hyperextension
What does A24 stand for?
Abduction
What does A44 stand for?
Adduction
What is a first class lever?
Fulcrum in the middle; used to move big things (seesaw)
What is a second class lever?
Used for lifting big things. Resistance is in the middle. I.e. Standing on the ball of your food
What is a third class lever?
Force is in the middle. Used for range of motion and speed. I.e. Flexing the elbow
Describe the characteristics of a synovial joint:
Fibrous joint capsule
capsule encloses joint cavity
synovial membrane lines joint capsule
synovial fluid lines inner surface of capsule ( bathes, nourishes, and lubricates the joint)
articulating surfaces of bones covered with hyaline
Describe major joint motions and planes of motion:
sagittal : flexion and extension
frontal: adducation and abduction
horizontal abducation and adduction in transverse plane
internal rotation and external rotation, transverse plane,
Explain open and closed chain movements and positions
Open kinetic chain: distal end of the distal segment is moving freely in space: bench press or leg press on machine
Closed kinetic chain:distal end of distal segment is in contact with fixed surface:: pushup, hip abduction staying still.
Define ligaments:
ligaments: experience sprains
class one: partial tear, stretched structure, no swelling, you could still move
class two: half way tear, delayed swelling, you are done but can move in your own power.
class three: complete rupture, immediate swelling, can put weight on it.
Define tendons:
Tendons: experience strains: where you pull muscle:
Describe bone signs (fractures)
fractures:
Mechanism: What event caused injury
Pinpoint paint: it will hurt right where the bone is broken
Top and bottom: if bone is broken, it will hurt on top and bottom, but if not it will only hurt on the top.
Viration test: tuning fork and pat on bony knob it will transfer and elecit pain.
deforming: may or may not be deformed.
Change in function: not an incease or decrease in movement, but an actual change in the way it moves, ex of creating a new joint.
Trauma in long axis:
Time test: if it’s broken, it wil feel worse in a day but if it isn’t broken it won’t, a strain will feel better,
Gut test: whatever you feel,
compression test: bones that parallel each other, compressing the lower end and then feeling pain at the fracture site.
Describe the classification of skeletal muscles
parrallel- range of motion, not as much power, strap (sartorius) and fusifrom (biceps)
pennate: power but not much range of motion
Give an example of a unipennate muscle:
flexor pollicis longus
Give an example of bipennate muscle:
reactus femoris muscle, calf muscle, stronger
Give an example of a multipennate muscle
subscapularis
Explain the sliding filament theory.
the sarcomere is composed of two types of muscle protein called actin (thin) and myosin(thick). Actin contains two other components, troponin and tropomyosin. myosin contains many crossbridges. When an nerve impulse is recieved, the cross bridges pull the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere and tension is created. It is all or none the amount of forced produced by a muscle is determined by the number of motor units recruited and the number of fibers in each unit. uses atp cocks fibers, and pulls actin.
What is kyphosis?
exaggerated thoracic curve, hunchback
What is lordosis?
exaggerated lumbar curve
What is scoliosis?
“S” curve
Define a motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
Define the types of muscle contraction a provide examples of same
isometric contraction: same length, gravity muscles, neck muscles,
isokinetic: constant speed or controlled contraction against accomdating resistance
isotonic: : change in length
concentric: muscle shortens
eccentric: muscle lengthens
Describe the safe and effective biomechanics of lifting
a. Wide base of support
b. Flat vertical back (spinal muscles aren’t meant for lifting and extending)
c. Keep object close to center of gravity
d. Lift with legs
e. Don’t lift and rotate (lose efficiency as you rotate)
f. Lift with your legs.
What is bilateral genu valgus?
i. Bilateral genu valgus: commonly called “knock-knee”, is a condition in which the knees angle in and touch one another when the legsare straightened. Individuals with severe valgus deformities are typically unable to touch their feet together while simultaneously straightening the legs. The term originates from the Latin genu, “knee”, and valgus which actually means bent outwards, but in this case, it is used to describe the distal portion of the knee joint which bends outwards and thus the proximal portion seems
What is cubitous valgus?
a medical deformity in which the forearm is angled away from the body to a greater degree than normal when fully extended. A small degree of cubitus valgus (known as the carrying angle) is acceptable and occurs in the general population.
What is cubitous varus?
Cubitus varus (varus means a deformity of a limb in which part of it is deviated towards the midline of the body) is a common deformity in which the extended forearm is deviated towards midline of the body .
What is genu recurvottum?
Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee joint, so that the knee bends backwards. In this deformity, excessive extension occurs in the tibiofemoral joint. Genu recurvatum is also called knee hyperextension and back knee.
