Test 1:P5,P6,P7

Question 1

The Central Dogma

Answer 1

DNA codes for RNA, RNA
codes for Protein

DNA is the instruction
manual
RNA is scratch paper
(temporary)
Protein is the machine

Central dogma-Thing we think we know that work repeatedly
Example: Egg chicken cell sit on top of yolk and they eat it and all that information in in the chickens DNA(Yolk is lipids,Albumin is protein, DNA instruct chicken cell to code on how to make a chicken)
Example: All the information on how to make you is in your DNA(sperm cell to you)

Question 2

How does one cell have DNA for the entire body

Answer 2

Each cell has the same DNA, but different sections of the
DNA are read by RNA polymerase to produce different
proteins.

When you look at a person, almost all of what you see
(not clothing) is protein.

Cell regulate gene to produce the protein we need to function
Cell make descion on what is being expressed

Question 3

Indepth Version of the central dogma

Answer 3

DNA is converted to RNA by
RNA polymerase (enzyme protein), and RNA is
converted to protein by ribosomes (organelle made of
RNA and protein.

Question 4

What is Transcription(basic)

Answer 4

DNA to RNA = transcription

Question 5

What is translation(basic)

Answer 5

RNA to Protein= translation.

Question 6

Yeast RNA Experiment

Answer 6

Goal:How many RNA in cell

Experiment:Agrose gel separated 3 types of RNA found in a cell. White fluorescence indicates the presences of RNA(molecular weight markers)

Results: Found that there were 3 types of RNA in yeast cell

Biggest is rRNA-mRNA-tRNA is the smallest

Question 7

Ribsomone Structure

Answer 7

2 part of ribosomes which big subunit and small subunit( both made of protein and RNA)(
RNA is structural and function within the ribosomes structure
Ribosomes are made up of RNA and Protein

The RNA that they are made of is ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

There has 10 million ribosomes in a cell

Why it has two subunit-Come together to do it job and make protein and fall apart when done

Question 8

Three types of RNA

Answer 8

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that makes up the ribosomes

Transfer RNA (tRNA) and Messenger RNA (mRNA) involved in translation

Question 9

What is tRNA structure

Answer 9

Made of (P,N,C,O)
Not made of protein just RNA
The bottom has anticodon on the bottom which bind to codon on mrNA
The top of the structure (It structure is antiparallel meaning it has end) of 5’(PO4) and 3’(OH), the amino acid connect to the 3’ spot

Question 10

If you have 1000 amino acid how many codon, anticodons, and nuc,itues do you have

Answer 10

1000 amino acids=1000 codons=1000 anitcodons=3000 nuclitoides

Question 11

Step of Central Dogma part 1

Answer 11

Transcription
1.Gene Code for DNA
2.One strand of DNA is used called the antisense with 3’ to 5’
3.mRNA codes from antisense strand(template strand)(A to U) and is 5’ to 3’(This called primary transrip)
4.mRNA get process cutting introns and keeping exons(you can get more than 1 MRNA from 1 gene)(Process developed because you get a lot of variety)(Can arrange different part of the exons to create different protein)

Translation
5.processed Mrna leave the nucleus through nuclear port
6.Small Subunit on ribosome look for start codon(AUG)( but at 5’ their are UTR before AUG and even UTR at the 3’ of mRNA)
7.tRNA has methionine and checks AUG of mRNA to UAC of it anti condon, the trNA is 3’ to 5’ the (TRNA attaches to MRNA through hydrogen bond)
8.The tRNA move to P site and grow the chain if (Match)
9.tRNA has amino acid attached and move to A site to have amino acid removed
10:Empty tRNA move to E site and get kicks out
11.Stop site and the small and large subunit of the ribosome comes apart and protein get releases from Ribosomes

Question 12

How does the primary strand of mRNA compare to the one that has been processes

Answer 12

The primary strand bigger and the process strand is smaller because the intron has been cut out in the process strand

only 5 percent of DNA codes for protein

Question 13

How are protein made

Answer 13

Ribosome removes water and 2 amino acid binf togther through a peptide bond(covalent bond)(O-H3N+) to make a new dipeptide

Question 14

Protein maker Experiment(Protein from amino acid)

Answer 14

Goal: Find what ingredient do you need to make protein
Experiment: Put in ingredients into tube and band showing up means protein is being made

Results:What you need to make protein
-ATP
-tRNA
-ribosomes
-mRNA
-amino Acids
When you omit chromosomes, DNA is still being produced because you don’t use DNA is translation and if you already habe mRNA than you don’t need DNA for anything

Question 15

If I have a protein that is 100 amino acids long, how long could the mRNA be

Answer 15

100 amino acids=100 codon=300 nucleotides

however, the mRNA is more than just codon it has UTR regions, so it is more than 300 nucleotides

Question 16

What does AUG always code for/ the first protein to code for

Answer 16

methionine

Question 17

Protein have end of what

Answer 17

Protein-Amino acid has an amino group NH3 group on one end and carboxyl group R-C both double bond with C are O and OH

Protein have beginning and end

Methionine with amino hanging off of it

Question 18

What is the reading Frame and what happens if you mess it up

Answer 18

Teh reading frame is when 3 codons are read at a time but if you remove one letter of the bases like in mutation then all the codons are wrong. Another thing that happens is that you run into a stop codon before you are suppose too and you can’t make that protein anymore.(This is how crisper works)

Question 19

The Experiment that Decoding the First Codon

Answer 19

Goal:FInd out what was the first codon

Experiment: Marshall Nirenberg did the very first experiment tested UUUUUUU to see which amino acid was encoded…..
Marshall Nirenberg
-Made fake RNA with just u with ribosomes and trna goo to make the amino acid
He did this over and over again to make a wheel to get what amino acid based on 3 nucleotides based arrangments

-If you know the DNA you can set the RNA and know what amino acid it codes for

Question 20

What is A condon Chart

Answer 20

1) First base center
2) Second middle ring
3) Third outer ring

Question 21

How sites work in Central Dogma

Answer 21

1 trna moves to P site with amino acid to grow chains
2another thrna move to a site with new amino acid to match anti condon with condon on mrna
3The polypeptide on the tna in site p move on the trna in site A
4.The trna from P site move to E site to get push out of ribosome
5.The trna in A site move to P site for the process to happen all over again
6.Then move to the 3’ side of mrna until it come to a stop condon
amino acid chain is released from ribosomes