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Bancroft: KINES > Test #1: Muscle Physiology & Muscle Actions of the Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Test #1: Muscle Physiology & Muscle Actions of the Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a by-product of Glucose metabolism?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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2
Q

Where is ATP stored?

A

Skeletal muscle

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3
Q

How much and for what purpose is ATP stored in skeletal muscle?

A

Small amounts to initiate contraction.

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4
Q

How many seconds does this initial amount of ATP fuel activity?

A

About 6 seconds

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5
Q

Once the initial small amount of ATP is depleted, what must occur for muscle contraction to continue?

A

New supplies of ATP must be regenerated

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6
Q

What is a secondary source of energy in skeletal muscle after the 6 seconds of ATP is depleted?

A

Creatine Phosphate (CP)

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7
Q

How many seconds does Creatine Phosphate fuel activity?

A

About 20 seconds

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8
Q

Once the Creatine Phosphate is depleted, what must occur for muscle contraction to continue?

A

More energy must be generated

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9
Q

How many pathways for generating energy for skeletal muscle?

A

2 pathways

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10
Q

What are 2 pathways for energy to be generated for skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Aerobic respiration; and 2. Anaerobic respiration
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11
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

a. Requires O2
b. In Mitochondria
c. Is a slow process
d. High yield of ATP (36 molecules)
e. No lactic acid
f. Glucose + O2 > CO2, H20 + 36 ATP

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12
Q

Anearobic Respiration

A

a. Does not require O2
b. In Cytosol
c. Is a fast process
d. Low yield of ATP (2 molecules)
e. Lactic acid is a by-product
f. Glucose > Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATP; Pyruvic Acid > Lactic Acid + H+

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13
Q

How quickly is lactic acid reused within the body?

A

30-60 minutes after activity

Liver (converts back to glycogen)
Heart or Kidneys (uses as fuel)
Sweat it out

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14
Q

During activity, what is the cause of muscle burn?

A

Lactic acid and hydrogen ions (H+) from anaerobic respiration.

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15
Q

What is muscle pain the day after an activity?

A

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

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16
Q

How long after an activity for DOMS?

A

12-24 hours

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17
Q

What is the cause of DOMS?

A

Microtears in connective tissue or muscle tissue.

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18
Q

What is muscle fatigue?

A

Occurs when a muscle is no longer able to contract even though it’s stimulated to do so.

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19
Q

How many causes for muscle fatigue?

A

3 causes

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20
Q

What are the 3 causes for muscle fatigue?

A
  1. Lack of oxygen; 2. Change in Ph; and 3. Electrolyte Imbalance
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21
Q

Muscle Fatigue: Lack of O2

A

A lack of O2 forces the use of anaerobic pathway which builds lactic acid.

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22
Q

Muscle Fatigue: Change in Ph

A

Lactic acid gives off Hydrogen ions (H+); this greatly lowers Ph which irritates muscle physiology.

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23
Q

Muscle Fatigue: Electrolyte Imbalance

A

Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca) need to be in proper balance or muscles cannot contract.

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24
Q

Muscle Contraction: All or none principal

A

When a skeletal muscle cell is stimulated to contract it contracts fully or not at all.

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25
Q

Muscle Contraction: Motor unit recruitment (grades of contraction)

A

The more work a skeletal muscle does the more motor units. If a skeletal muscle does less work it will have fewer motor units. Range is 4-700; average is 150 per muscle.

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26
Q

Muscle ContractIon: How many types?

A

2 types

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle contraction?

A
  1. Isotonic; and 2. Isometric
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28
Q

Muscle Contraction: Isotonic

A

A contraction where there is a visible change in the length of muscle.

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29
Q

How many types of Isotonic muscle contraction?

A

2 types

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30
Q

What are the 2 types of isotonic muscle contraction?

A
  1. Concentric; and 2. Eccentric
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31
Q

Isotonic Muscle Contraction: Concentric

A

The muscle shortens as it works.

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32
Q

Isotonic Muscle Contraction: Eccentric

A

The muscle lengthens as it works.

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33
Q

What type of isotonic muscle contraction creates the most injury?

A

Eccentric

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34
Q

Muscle Contraction: Isometric

A

A contraction of a muscle where no visible change in length occurs.

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35
Q

What is an example of an isometric muscle contraction?

A

Pushing against a wall

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36
Q

How many different muscle tones are there?

A

7 muscle tones

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37
Q

What are the 7 muscle tones?

A
  1. Normal tone; 2. Hypotonia; 3. Flaccid; 4. Hypertonia; 5. Spasticity; 6. Atrophy; and 7. Hypertrophy
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38
Q

Muscle Tone: Normal tone

A

A skeletel muscle which displays a healthy resistance to active or passive stretch at rest.

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39
Q

Muscle Tone: Hypotonia

A

A decrease in muscle tone due to inactivity or pathology.

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40
Q

Muscle Tone: Flaccid

A

An extreme case of hypotonia. The muscle has become “flabby”.

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41
Q

Muscle Tone: Hypertonia

A

An increase in muscle tone to rigidity. Unhealthy! Blood flow slowly causing ischemia (a lack of O2 in the tissue due to a decrease in blood supply).

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42
Q

Muscle Tone: Spasticity

A

Muscle contracts involuntarily due to a nervous system problem. Massage Therapy is indicated!

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43
Q

Muscle Tone: Atrophy

A

A “wasting away” of muscle. Muscle shrinking in size.

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44
Q

Muscle Tone: Hypertrophy

A

An increase in muscle size due to exercise (body builders).

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45
Q

How many types of mechanical levers?

A

3 types

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46
Q

What are the 3 types of mechanical levers?

A
  1. First Class Lever; 2. Second Class Lever; and 3. Third Class Lever.
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47
Q

1st class lever

A

The joint lies between the muscle and the load. This is the most efficient class of lever.

i.e. Tilting head via atlas and occipital bones.

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48
Q

2nd class lever

A

The load lies between the joint and the pulling muscle.

i.e. The only example in the human body is the “toe raise”

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49
Q

3rd class lever

A

The muscle lies between the joint and the load. This is the most common class of lever (but not the most efficient).

i.e. Bicep curl

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50
Q

How many benefits of massage therapy on the muscles?

A

5 benefits

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51
Q

What are the 5 benefits of massage therapy on muscles?

A
  1. Improved range of motion; 2. Improved general tissue flexibility and muscle relaxation; 3. Reduction of muscle cramps and spasms; 4. Relief of myofascial trigger points and neuromuscular tender points; and 5. Reduction of adhesions and enhanced collagen remodeling during healing cycle
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52
Q

Agonist

A

Is the muscle doing the action; the prime mover.

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53
Q

Antagonist

A

Is the muscle doing the opposite action; or yielding to the agonist

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54
Q

Synergist

A

Is any muscle which is considered a “helper” to the agonist by performing the same action

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55
Q

Stabilizer or Fixator

A

Is a muscle which acts to stabilize the origin of the agonist.

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56
Q

How many joints in the lower extremity?

A

3 + 1 = 4 joints

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57
Q

What are the 4 joints of the lower extremity?

A
  1. Hip; 2. Knee; and 3. Ankle + 4. Waist
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58
Q

How many movements possible at the waist joint?

A

1 movement

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59
Q

What is the 1 movement at the waist joint?

A
  1. Flexion
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60
Q

What body part is moved at the waist joint?

A

The trunk or torso

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61
Q

How many muscles create flexion of the trunk at the waist?

A

1 muscle

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62
Q

What muscle creates flexion of the trunk at the waist?

A
  1. Psoas Major
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63
Q

Psoas Major*

A

GL: Abdominal/Pelvic Cavity, Deep

O: Bodies, discs and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

I: Lesser trochanter of the Femur

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64
Q

How many actions does Psoas Major (or Iliopsoas) perform?

A

3 actions

65
Q

What 3 actions do Psoas Major (or Iliopsoas) perform?

A
  1. Flexion of the trunk at the waist

2-3. Flexion and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip

66
Q

How many movements possible at the hip joint?

A

6 movements

67
Q

What are the 6 movements at the waist joint?

A
  1. Flexion; 2. Extension; 3. ABduction; 4. ADduction; 5. Medial Rotation; and 6. Lateral Rotation
68
Q

What body part is moved at the hip joint?

A

The thigh

69
Q

How many muscles create flexion of the thigh at the hip?

A

4 muscles

70
Q

What 4 muscles create flexion of the thigh at the hip?

A
  1. Iliopsoas; 2. Rectus Femoris; 3. Sartorius; and 4. TFL
71
Q

Rectus Femoris*

A

GL: Anterior, Thigh, Superficial

O: AIIS of the Ilium

I: Patella and tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament

72
Q

How many actions does Rectus Femoris perform?

A

2 actions

73
Q

What 2 actions does Rectus Femoris perform?

A
  1. Flexion of the thigh at the hip

2. Extension of the leg at the knee

74
Q

Sartorius*

A

GL: Anterior/medial, Thigh, Superficial

O: ASIS of the Ilium

I: Medial condyle of the Tibia (part of Pes Anserinus)

75
Q

How many actions does Sartorius perform?

A

4 actions

76
Q

What 4 actions does Sartorius perform?

A

1-3: Flexion, aBduction, and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip
4. Flexion of the leg at the knee

77
Q

Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)*

A

GL: Anterior/Lateral, Hip, Superficial

O: ASIS and Iliac crest of the Ilium

I: Lateral condyle of the Tibia via the Iliotibial band

NOTE: Doesn’t insert on greater trochanter.

78
Q

How many actions does TFL perform?

A

3 actions

79
Q

What 3 actions does TFL perform?

A

1-3. Flexion, aBduction, and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip

80
Q

How many muscles create extension of the thigh at the hip?

A

4 muscles

81
Q

What 4 muscles create extension of the thigh at the hip?

A
  1. Gluteus Maximus; and the Hamstrings (2. Semimembranonsus; 3. Semitendinosus; and 4. Biceps Femoris)
82
Q

Gluteus Maximus*

A

GL: Posterior, Buttocks, Superficial

O: Ilium, Iliac crest, (PSIS), Sacrum & Coccyx

I: Iliotibial Band to Lateral condyle of the Tibia and Gluteal tuberosity of the Femur

83
Q

How many actions does Glute Max perform?

A

2 actions

84
Q

What 2 actions does Glute Max perform?

A

1-2. Forceful extension and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip

85
Q

Semimembranosus*

A

GL: Posterior, Thigh, Deep

O: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium

I: Posterior aspect of the Medial condyle of the Tibia

86
Q

How many actions does Semimembranosus perform?

A

2 actions

87
Q

What 2 actions does Semimembranosus perform?

A
  1. Extension of the thigh at the hip

2. Flexion of the leg at the knee

88
Q

Semitendinosus*

A

GL: Posterior, Thigh, Superficial

O: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium

I: Medial condyle of the Tibia (part of Pes Anserinus)

89
Q

How many actions does Semitendinosus perform?

A

2 actions

90
Q

What 2 actions does Semitendinosus perform?

A
  1. Extension of the thigh at the hip

2. Flexion of the leg at the knee

91
Q

Biceps Femoris*

A

GL: Posterior, Thigh, Superficial

O: 1) Long Head: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium; 2) Short Head: Linea Aspera of the Femur

I: Head of the Fibula

92
Q

How many actions does Biceps Femoris perform?

A

2 actions

93
Q

What 2 actions does Biceps Femoris perform?

A
  1. Extension of the thigh at the hip

2. Flexion of the leg at the knee

94
Q

How many actions do the Hamstrings perform?

A

2 actions

95
Q

What 2 actions do the hamstrings perform?

A
  1. Extension of the thigh at the hip

2. Flexion of the leg at the knee

96
Q

How many muscles create aBduction of the thigh at the hip?

A

4 muscles

97
Q

What 4 muscles create aBduction of the thigh at the hip?

A
  1. Gluteus Medius; 2. Gluteus Minimus; 3. TFL; and 4. Sartorius
98
Q

Gluteus Medius*

A

GL: Posterior/Lateral, Buttocks, Superficial

O: Exterior surface of the Ilium (between iliac crest and superior gluteal lines)

I: Greater trochanter of the Femur (posterior border)

99
Q

How many actions does Glute Med perform?

A

2 actions

100
Q

What 2 actions does Glute Med perform?

A

1-2. ABduction and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip

101
Q

Gluteus Minimus*

A

GL: Posterior, Buttocks, Deep

O: Exterior surface of the Ilium (between superior and inferior Gluteal lines)

I: Greater trochanter of the Femur (anterior border)

102
Q

How many actions does Glute Min perform?

A

2 actions

103
Q

What 2 actions does Glute Min perform?

A

1-2. ABduction and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip

104
Q

How many muscles create aDduction of the thigh at the hip?

A

4 muscles

105
Q

What 4 muscles create aDduction of the thigh at the hip?

A

The Adductor Group (1. Adductor Magnus; 2. Adductor Longus; 3. Adductor Brevis); and 4. Gracilis

106
Q

How many actions do the Adductor Group perform?

A

1 action

107
Q

What is the action that the Adductor Group performs?

A
  1. ADduction of the thigh at the hip
108
Q

Gracilis*

A

GL: Medial, Thigh, Superficial

O: Inferior Ramus of the Pubis

I: Medial condyle of the Tibia (part of Pes Anserinus)

109
Q

How many actions does Gracilis perform?

A

2 actions

110
Q

What are the 2 actions that Gracilis performs?

A
  1. ADduction of the thigh at the hip

2. Flexion of the leg at the knee

111
Q

How many muscles create medial rotation of the thigh at the hip?

A

3 muscles

112
Q

What 3 muscles create medial rotation of the thigh at the hip?

A
  1. Gluteus Medius; 2. Gluteus Minimus; and 3. TFL
113
Q

How many muscles create lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip?

A

4 muscles

114
Q

What 4 muscles create lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip?

A
  1. Gluteus Maximus; 2. Piriformis; 3. Sartorius; and 4. Iliopsoas
115
Q

Piriformis*

A

GL: Posterior, Buttocks, Deep

O: Anterior surface of the Sacrum

I: Greater trochanter of the Femur

116
Q

How many actions does Piriformis perform?

A

1 action

117
Q

What is the action that Piriformis performs?

A

Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip

118
Q

How many movements possible at the knee joint?

A

2 movements

119
Q

What 2 movements are possible at the knee joint?

A
  1. Flexion; and 2. Extension
120
Q

What body part is moved at the knee joint?

A

The leg

121
Q

How many muscles create flexion of the leg at the knee?

A

6 muscles

122
Q

What 6 muscles create flexion of the leg at the knee?

A

The Hamstrings (1. Semimembranosus; 2. Semitendinosus; 3. Biceps Femoris); 4. Sartorius; 5. Gracilis; and 6. Gastrocnemius

123
Q

Gastrocnemius*

A

GL: Posterior, Leg, Superficial

O: 1) Lateral head: Lateral condyle of the Femur; 2) Medial head: Medial condyle of the Femur

I: Calcaneus via the Calcaneal tendon

124
Q

How many actions does Gastrocs perform?

A

2 actions

125
Q

What 2 actions does Gastrocs perform?

A
  1. Flexion of the leg at the knee

2. Plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle

126
Q

How many muscles create extension of the leg at the knee?

A

4 muscles

127
Q

What 4 muscles create extension of the leg at the knee?

A

The Quadriceps (1. Rectus Femoris; 2. Vastus Lateralis; 3. Vastus Medialis; and 4. Vastus Intermedius)

128
Q

Vastus Lateralis*

A

GL: Anterior/lateral, Thigh, Superficial

O: Greater trochanter and Linea Aspera of the Femur

I: Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patella ligament

129
Q

How many actions does Vastus Lateralis perform?

A

1 action

130
Q

What action does Vastus Lateralis perform?

A

Extension of the leg at the knee

131
Q

Vastus Medialis*

A

GL: Anterior/medial, Thigh, Superficial

O: Linea Aspera of the Femur

I: Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patella ligament

132
Q

How many actions does Vastus Medialis perform?

A

1 action

133
Q

What action does Vastus Medialis perform?

A

Extension of the leg at the knee

134
Q

Vastus Intermedius*

A

GL: Anterior, Thigh, Deep

O: Anterior and lateral surfaces of the shaft of the Femur

I: Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patella ligament

135
Q

How many actions does Vastus Intermedius perform?

A

1 action

136
Q

What action does Vastus Intermedius perform?

A

Extension of the leg at the knee

137
Q

How many movements possible at the ankle joint?

A

4 movements

138
Q

What 4 movements are possible at the ankle joint?

A
  1. Dorsiflexion; 2. Plantarflexion; 3. Inversion; and 4. Eversion
139
Q

What body part is moved at the ankle joint?

A

The foot

140
Q

How many muscles create dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle?

A

1 muscle

141
Q

What muscle creates dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle?

A
  1. Tibialis Anterior
142
Q

Tibialis Anterior*

A

GL: Anterior, Leg, Superficial

O: Lateral condyle and proximal 1/2 of the Tibia

I: Medial Cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal

143
Q

How many actions does Tibialis Anterior perform?

A

2 actions

144
Q

What 2 actions does Tibialis Anterior perform?

A

1-2. Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot at the ankle

145
Q

How many muscles create plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle?

A

4 muscles

146
Q

What 4 muscles create plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius; 2. Soleus; 3. Fibularis Longus; and 4. Fibularis Brevis
147
Q

Soleus*

A

GL: Posterior, Leg, Intermediate

O: Head of the Fibula, Fibula, Soleal line and posterior surface of the Tibia

I: Calcaneus via the Calcaneal tendon

148
Q

How many actions does Soleus perform?

A

1 action

149
Q

What action does Soleus perform?

A
  1. Plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle
150
Q

Fibularis Longus*

A

GL: Lateral, Leg, Superficial

O: Head and proximal 2/3 of the Fibula

I: Base of the 1st metatarsal and Medial cuneiform

151
Q

How many actions does Fibularis Longus perform?

A

2 actions

152
Q

What 2 actions does Fibularis Longus perform?

A

1-2. Plantarflexion and eversion of the foot at the ankle

153
Q

Fibularis Brevis*

A

GL: Lateral, Leg, Deep

O: Distal 2/3 of the Fibula

I: Base of the 5th metatarsal

154
Q

How many actions does Fibularis Brevis perform?

A

2 actions

155
Q

What 2 actions does Fibularis Brevis perform?

A

1-2. Plantarflexion and eversion of the foot at the ankle

156
Q

How many muscles create inversion of the foot at the ankle?

A

1 muscle

157
Q

What muscle creates inversion of the foot at the ankle?

A
  1. Tibialis Anterior
158
Q

How many muscles create eversion of the foot at the ankle?

A

2 muscles

159
Q

What 2 muscles create eversion of the foot at the ankle?

A
  1. Fibularis Longus; and 2. Fibularis Brevis

Bancroft: KINES (3 decks)

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