Test 1 (Mod 1 and 2) Flashcards
1 Year Old Vitals
P 120, R 30, BP 90/56
10 Year Old Vitals
P 90, R 20, BP 100/61
14 Year Old Female Vitals
P 85, R 16, BP 114/65
14 Year Old Male Vitals
P 80, R 16, BP 114/65
18 Year Old Female Vitals
P 75, R 16, BP 121/70
2 Year Old Vitals
P 110, R 25, BP 91/55
4 Year Old Vitals
P 100, R 25, BP 92/55
6 Year Old Vitals
P 100, R 22, BP 96/57
18 Year Old Male Vitals
P 70, R 16, BP 121/70
Acute Pain
Sudden onset and continuing for a limited period. Experienced during and after procedures, postoperatively, from fractures, and from other bodily insults or injuries.
Adjusted Age
Used when describing developmental age of premature infants. The number of weeks premature is subtracted from the chronological age to determine infants developmental age or level. Stopped by age 2 years
Adolescent Nutrition Requirements
60-80 kcal/kg/day- 1500-3000 kcal/day (11-14) 2100-3900 kcal/day (15-18). Protein 34-52 grams/day Require increased calcium for skeletal growth Final molars erupt at end of adolescent period. May need orthodontist
Always measure head circumference of a child suspected of having
A neurological problem or developmental delay
Affective Function of Families
Psychological needs
Adolescents may consent for treatment related to
sexually transmitted diseases, contraception, and alcohol and drug abuse
Anterior Fontanel closes by
18 months
Anterior Fontanel closes by
12 to 18 months
Amblyopia
Blindness caused by weak eye muscle
Apical pulse found at ________ until age 7
4th intercostal space
Apical pulse found at _______ after age 7
5th intercostal space
Assent
obtain an agreement with the child if they are over the age of 7
Assess for congenital hip dislocation until
1 year of age
Assess the following lymph nodes
Head and neck. Supraclavicular. Axillary Region. Arms. Inguinal Region.
Assess the head for
Symmetry. Movement. Control. Shape.
Associative Play
play together engaging in similar type of activity without organization or goals. Rely on own wants/desires to dictate activities. May borrow toys or follow activities but no leader or rules. Characteristic of preschoolers.
Authoritarian Parenting
Expect obedience without any questioning about the reasoning behind the rules.
Authoritative Parenting
tend to show the respect for the opinions of their children by allowing them to be different.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
1 to 3 years. Increased ability to control self and environment. Practices and attains new physical skills, and develops autonomy. Symbolizes independence by controlling body secretions, saying “no” when asked to do something, and directing motor activity. Develops self-confidence and willpower, and develops shame if criticized or unsuccessful.
Avoid honey until
1 year of age
Calculate body mass index (BMI) for children over
Age 3
Barlow’s Maneuver
Test for congenital hip dislocation 1. With infant supine, flex knees while holding thumbs on mid-thighs and fingers over greater trochanters. 2. Adduct legs until thumbs touch.
Babinski Reflex
stroke up lateral edge and across ball of foot. Positive reflex is fanning of toes. May have adult reflex of flexion of toes. Should have same response bilaterally.
Calcium levels may be increased in
Multiple fractures, or Hyperparathyroidism
Calcium levels may be decreased in
lack of calcium or Vitamin D intake, burns, or diarrhea
AWHONN
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
Cephalocaudal development
Process by which development proceeds from head downward through body towards feet
Cerumen
ear wax
Child should be able to differentiate colors by age
5 years
Check for scoliosis in
school age and adolescent children
Child should have ______ teeth by late ________
32, adolescence
Children who are immunologically compromised…
Should not receive live bacterial or viral vaccines
Children with mild to moderate pain should receive
Acetaminophen
Children with moderate to severe pain should receive
Opioids
Chloride levels may be decreased in
Diarrhea, vomiting, acute infections, burns, or metabolic alkalosis
Chloride levels may be increased in
Dehydration, high serum Na levels, metabolic acidosis
Chronic Illness is defined by
A condition that is long-term, lasting for more than 3 months. Does not spontaneously resolve. Is without a complete cure. Has residual characteristics. Limits activities of daily living.
Chronological Age
age in years
Chronic Pain
Unpredictable time limit, unlikely to resolve quickly, affecting child’s ability to live a normal life, experienced in conditions such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, sickle cell disease, and cancer.
Communicating with a child that speaks another language
Identify an interpreter. Use communication board. Learn commonly used words of items Learn about the culture. Use play strategies, since this is a universal language.
Communicating with a child with a profound neurologic impairment
Address the child when entering and exiting the room. Gently touch the child while saying the child’s name. Speak softly, calmly, and slowly to allow the child time to process what you are saying. While in the room with the child, talk to the child. Do not talk as if the child is not there. Talk about activities and objects in the room. Allow adequate time to respond to questions. Pay attention to gestures.
Communicating with child with hearing impairment
assess self help skills. Identify families method of communication and use it if possible. Encourage family to stay with child. If sign language is used, learn most commonly used signs. Keep a chart of signs near the bed. Develop communication board. Gently touch child before speaking. Always face child when speaking. Child may be a lip reader. Nonverbal communication can speak as loudly if not louder than speech.
Communicating with child with visual impairment
Walk child around room to orient to surroundings. Encourage family member to stay with the child. Identify self when walking in room. Allow child to handle equipment as procedure is explained.
Concept of death for 0-2 year olds
Death as loss of the caretaker
Concept of death for 2-7 year olds
Death as a reversible and temporary separation
Concept of death for 12 year olds (adolescents)
Death as inevitable and irreversible but often as a distant event.
Concept of death for 7-12 year olds
Death as sad and irreversible but not necessarily inevitable
Concrete Stage of Piaget
Thoughts become increasingly logical and coherent. Able to shift attention from one perceptual attribute to another (decent ration). Concrete thinkers: view things as “black or white, right or wrong, no in between or gray areas.” Able to classify and sort facts, do problem solving. Acquires conservation skills.
Cooperative Play
organized group play with rules, goals, and a plan. There is a leader responsible for division of labor and direction of activities. Characteristic of children and adolescents.
Creativity
experiment and try out ideas can be supported or stifled
Deciduous teeth by age 2 1/2 to 3 years
20
Deciduous teeth erupt by
about six months of age
Decreased RBC may be seen in
Anemia, leukemia, and after hemorrhage
Development
Continuous, orderly series of conditions that lead to activities, new motives for activities, and eventual patterns of behavior
Developmental Age
Age based on functional behavior and ability to adapt to the environment
Differentialtion
Development from simple operations to more complex activities and functions
Dramatic, symbolic or pretend play
act out and practice roles and identities modeled by member of family and society. “Medical situations encountered are reenacted by the children.”
Elevated RBC may be seen in
Severe diarrhea or dehydration
Economic Function of Families
Allocation of economic resources
Family hx is for
discovering potential or actual existence of hereditary or familial diseases in child or parents
Facies
facial expression and appearance of child
Epicanthal Folds are common in
Asian children, suggestive of Down’s Syndrome in others.
Female internal exam and Pap test start
within 3 years of beginning vaginal intercourse, or by 21 years of age
Fine motor development for toddler (1-3 years)
Uses cup well by 15 months Builds a tower of two cubes or blocks by 15 mo. Holds crayon with fingers by 24-30 months Good hand-finger coordination by 30 months Copies a circle by 3 years
Formal Operations Stage of Piaget
Able to logically manipulate abstract and unobservable concepts. Adaptable and flexible. Able to deal with contradictions. Uses scientific approach to problem solve. Able to conceive the distant future.
Fremitus
Conduction of voice sounds through respiratory tract
Games
progresses from imitative to formal to competitive
General Consent
routine procedures such as medication administration
Genogram
Needs three generations. “Family Tree”
Gross motor development for toddler (1-3 years)
Walks without help by 15 months Jumps in place by 18 months Goes up stairs (with 2 feet on each step) by 24 mo. Runs fairly well (wide stance) by 24 months
Growth
An increase in physical size of a whole or any of its parts
Growth during Adolescence (13 to 18 years)
Weight is rapid- girls 15 to 55 lbs. Boys 15-65 lbs. Height- attain final 20% of mature height- Girls 3 in/yr Boys 4 in/yr (spurt at 13)
Growth during Preschool years (3 to 6 years)
Weight is slow and steady (4 to 5 lbs per year) Height increases 2 to 3 inches per year
Growth during school age years (6 to 12 years)
Weight steady slow. 5 lbs per year Height increases 1 to 2 inches per year
Growth slows at
12-18 months
Head circumference is the best indicator of
Brain growth
Head circumference exceeds chest circumference until
between 1 and 2 years of age.
Healthy People 2020 focus of child health care
Prevention and health promotion
Health Care Function of Families
Provision of physical necessities of life
Height at 2 years
50% of future adult height
Hematocrit may be decreased in
Anemias or after blood loss
Hematocrit may be elevated in
Dehydration
Hemoglobin may be increased in
Polycythemia, or COPD
Hemoglobin may be decreased in
Anemias, after blood loss, or excessive fluid intake
Hep B immunization schedule
1st- after birth 2nd- 1 to 4 months 3rd- 6 to 18 months
Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type B) immunization schedule
1st- 2 months 2nd- 4 months 3rd- 6 months 4th- 12-18 months
Hepatitis A immunization schedule
1st- 12-23 months 2nd- at least 6 months later in selected areas
Hirschberg Test
Shine light on cornea while child looks straight ahead. Light should reflect symmetrically in center of both pupils. Unequal reflection may indicate strabismus
How to promote relaxation during abdominal exam
Have child place one hand under yours
Identity vs. Role Confusion
12 to 18 years. Rapid and marked physical changes. Preoccupation with physical appearance. Examines and redefines self, family, peer group, and community. Experiments with different roles. Peer group very important. If successful, develops confidence in self-identity and optimism. If unable to establish meaningful definition of self, develops role confusion.
If restraints are used…
remove them every 1-2 hours for range of motion movement, repositioning and to offer the child food or opportunity to use the bathroom
If uncircumcised, foreskin should be retractable by
3 months
Industry vs. Inferiority
6 to 12 years. Middle years of childhood. Development of new interests and involvement in activities. Learns to follow rules. Acquires reading, writing, math, and social skills If successful, develops confidence and enjoys learning about new things. When compared to others, may feel inadequate, inferior, if too much is expected.
Infant and Toddler Responses to Pain
Infants will have increases in BP and HR, and decrease in arterial O2 saturation. Harsh, tense, or loud crying. Facial grimacing, flinching, thrashing of extremities. Toddlers will verbally indicate discomfort. Generalized restlessness, uncooperative, clings to family member.
Infant and children receiving IV and epidural opioids should be monitored by
pulse oximetry
Infant should be able to hold head erect by
4 months of age
Influenza immunization schedule
Annually beginning at age 6 months or older. For first dose, child 6 months to 8 years should receive 2 doses, 4 weeks apart
Informed Consent
procedures that involve risk to the child, such as surgery
Initiative vs. Guilt
3 to 6 years. Explores the physical world with all senses, initiates new activities, and considers new ideas. Demonstrates initiative by being able to formulate and carry out a plan of action. Develops a conscience. If successful, develops direction and purpose. If criticized, leads to feelings of guilt and a lack of purpose.
Intellectual development
learn colors, shapes, sizes, textures, and significance of objects. Association of words with objects, abstract meaning and spatial relationships (up down over) play helps them understand the world and distinguish between fantasy and reality
Introduce Fruits or vegetables at
6-8 months
Introduce meats at
8-10 months
Introduce rice cereal at
4-6 months
IPV (Inactivated poliovirus vaccine) immunization schedule
1st- 2 months 2nd- 4 months 3rd- 6 to 18 months 4th- 4-6 years
Lordosis
exaggerated curvature of lumbar spine
Lordosis is _________ in infants
Normal
Lose first deciduous teeth at age
Six. By age 12 has all permanent teeth, except final molars
Magnesium levels may be decreased in
protein malnutrition, hypokalemia, or chronic diarrhea.
Magnesium levels may be increased in
Severe dehydration, renal failure, early diabetes, and leukemia.
Major source of subjective data from family and child
Nursing History
Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) immunization schedule
1st- 12 to 15 months 2nd- 4 to 6 years
Measure BP annually in children over
3 years of age
Measure head circumference at every physical assessment for
Infants and toddlers under age 2
Medial Femoral Torsion
Entire leg turned in along with foot
Medial Tibial Torsion
Entire foot turned in while knee remains straight
Metatarsus Varus
Forefoot turned in
Mongolian Spots
Bluish colored areas common on the buttocks or lower back of the dark skinned infant. Disappear with age.
Moro Reflex
Startle reflex. Disappears by 3 months
Moral value
learned at home but reinforced in playing with other children
Most important consideration for the successful assessment of a child
Developmental Level
Motor development of preschooler (3 to 6 years)
Skips and hops on one foot by 4 years Rides tricycle by 3 years Throws and catches ball well by 5 years Balances on alternate feet by 5 years Knows 2100 words by 5 years Increased strength and refinement of fine and gross motor abilities
Narcan (naloxone) should be used…
to reverse opioid respiratory depression if oxygen and stimulation are ineffective
Newborn Vitals
P 120, R 35, BP 73/50
Normal Calcium (Ca) levels
4.4 to 5.8 mEq/L
Normal Hematorcrit levels
30% to 54%
Normal Hemoglobin levels
10.3 to 18 g/dL
Normal Chloride (Cl) levels
95-105 mEq/L
Normal Magnesium (Mg) levels
1.6 to 2.6 mEq/L
Normal Platelet (thrombocyte) levels
150,000 to 465,000/mm3
Normal Potassium (K) levels
3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L
Normal RBC for children
3.2 to 5.2 million/mm3
Normal Sodium (Na) levels
135-145 mEq/L
Normal WBC (leukocytes) levels
5,000 to 13,000/mm3
Nursing Interventions for Preschooler Fears
Encourage parents to participate in child care. Allow child to express feeling. Give simple explanations. Avoid Med Terms. Provide therapeutic play. Allow child to manipulate and play with equipment. Maintain trusting relationship with parents and child. Allow time for questions. Praise child, focus on desired behavior, and give rewards.
Nursing Interventions to Separation Anxiety
- Goal is to preserve child’s trust. 2. Reassure child that parents will return. 3. Provide “rooming in” to encourage parent-child attachment. 4. Have parents leave personal article, picture, or favorite toy with child. 5. Maintain usual routine and rituals whenever possible. 6. Allow choices, whenever possible, to return control to parent and child.
Onlooker
play children watch older children but do not attempt to interact
Ortolani’s Maneuver
Test for congenital Hip Dislocation. 1. With infant supine, flex knees while holding thumbs on mid-thighs and fingers over greater trochanters. 2. Abduct legs, moving knees outward and down toward table.
Overall pattern of growth is more important than
any single measurement
Pain assessment in adolescents
Can describe quantity and location of the pain
Pain assessment in neonates and infants
Rapid changes in behavioral state. Distinctive motor movements associated with pain
Pain assessment in preschoolers
Cry and struggle. May deny pain.
Pain assessment in school age children
Stiff body posture. Withdrawn.
Pain assessment in toddlers
Generalized restlessness. Guarding of the painful site. Excessive crying.
Pain assessment tools
Adolescent and pediatric pain tool. CRIES pain scale. COMFORT scale. Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) FACES pain rating scale. Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) The Oucher Scale Poker Chip Tool Visual Analog scale (VAS)
Pain is…
Whatever the person experiencing pain says it is, existing whenever the person says it does. Infants an children are often unable to communicate the presence, location, and type of pain.
Palmar grasp reflex
pressing finger into infants hands should produce grasp strong enough to pull infant into sitting position. Disappears by 3-4 months
Parallel play
play that is not influenced by other children playing in the same area. Play beside and not with each other with similar toys. Characteristic of toddlers.
Parents will consent for…
a minor child
Permanent eye color by
9 months
Permissive Parenting
have little or no control over the behavior of their children
Physical Assessment Approach for Adolescent
Explain findings. Proceed as for school age child
Physical Assessment Approach for Infants
Child lying flat or held in parents arms. Use distraction with older infant. Assess heart, pulse, lungs, respirations, and fontanels while quiet, then head to toe. Eyes, ears, and mouth near end. Check reflexes as body parts are examined. Moro Reflex Test.
Physical Assessment Approach for Preschoolers
Allow to handle equipment. Head to toe if cooperative. Same as toddler if uncooperative.
Physical Assessment Approach for Toddlers
Minimal contact initially. Allow to inspect equipment. Assess heart and lungs while quiet, then head to toe. Eyes, ears, and mouth last.
Physical Assessment Approach for School Age
Respect Privacy. Explain procedures. Head to toe. Genitalia last.
Plantar grasp reflex
touching ball of foot causes toes to curl downward tightly. Disappears by 8-10 months
Play activities for Adolescents
Enjoys music, sports, peer group activities Relationships (dating) may begin
Platelets may be increased in
Infections, acute blood loss, and splenectomy
Play is the _______ of children
Work
Pneumococcal Vaccine (PCV) immunization schedule
1st- 2 months 2nd- 4 months 3rd- 6 months 4th- 12 to 15 months PCV13 given to the older child
Posterior Fontanel closes by
2 to 3 months
Potassium may be increased (Hyperkalemia) in
Renal failure, severe burns or tissue trauma, or metabolic acidosis
Preferred admin routes for analgesia
IV or PO
Preferred site for IM vaccines to infants and children
Anterolateral thigh, or the deltoid in older children
Preoperational Stage of Piaget
Forms symbolic thought. Exibits Egocentrism- unable to put oneself in the place of another. Unable to understand conservation. Increasing ability to use language. Play becomes more socialized. Can concentrate on only one characteristic of an object at a time (cent ration).
Preschool Nutritional Requirements
90 kcal/kg/day 13 grams/day Protein
Preschool Play
Enjoys imitative and dramatic play Imitates same-sex role in play Provide toys to develop motor and coordination skills (tricycle, clay, paints, swings, sliding board) Parental supervision of tele vision Enjoys sing along songs with rhythm
Preschoolers Fears to Illness and Hospitalization
Major fears are mutilation and intrusive procedures. Perceives illness as punishment. Some separation anxiety will still exist.
Preschoolers Response to Pain
Major fear of needles, will deny pain to avoid injection. Restlessness, irritability, cries, kicks with experiences of pain. Able to describe the location and intensity of pain.
Proximodistal Development
Process by which development proceeds from center of body outward to extremities
Puberty Changes during adolescence
Apocrine glands become active and may develop body odor. Appearance of acne on face, back, trunk. Development of secondary sex characteristics: Girls- develop breast development, menarche (ave 12.5 yrs), pubic hair. Boys- develop enlargement of testes (13 yrs), increase in scrotum and penis size, nocturnal emission, pubic hair, vocal changes, possibly gynecomastia
Pull pinna ______ and _______ in older children
up, back
Pull pinna _______ and ________ in infants
down, back. Canal is short and straight.
Recumbent length with child supine and legs extended is used for ages
birth to 36 months
Regression in Infant or Toddler
use of behavior that is more appropriate to an earlier stage of development, often used to cope with stress or anxiety. HELP PARENTS understand changes in behavior, and avoid punishment
Reproductive Function of Families
Societal survival
Ritualism
A toddlers need to maintain sameness and reliability; provides sense of comfort
Roles of Professional Nurse
Care provider Teacher Collaborator Researcher Advocate Manager Advanced Practice Nurse/ Primary Care
Rooting Reflex
- touch infant lip or cheek and infant should turn head toward stimulation and open mouth. 2. Should disappear by 3 to 4 months
Rotavirus immunization schedule
1st- 2 months 2nd- 4 months 3rd- 6 months
Safety for Adolescents
Accidents are leading cause of death (MVA, sports, firearms, suicide). Drug, alcohol, sex education.
Scaphoid abdomen indicates
dehydration or malnutrition
School Age Nutrition Requirements
85 kcal/kg/day Protein 19-35 grams/day
School Age Play (cooperative)
Comprehends rules and rituals of games Enjoys team play Enjoys athletic activities Provide construction toys, puzzles, erector sets, Legos.
School Age Safety (6 to 12 years)
Teach sex education Injury prevention- bike safety, firearms, smoking, hobbies
School age vision
20/20 by age 6 to 7 years Myopia may appear by age 8
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of spine
Secondary sex characteristics begin at:
10 years in girls 12 years in boys
Self-awareness
active exploration of their body, separation from mother and developing self identity, test own ability, try roles, learn behavior with others.
Sense pleasure play
non-social interactive stimulating experience, reacting to environment- light, color, taste, odors, textures. Pleasurable experiences are derived through touch, body motion and use of senses and abilities.
Sensorimotor Development
all ages but major type of infancy, for muscle development and energy release. Exploration through senses and development of movement of body.
Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget
An infant learns about world through senses and motor activity. Progresses from reflex activity through simple repetitive behaviors to imitative behaviors. Develops a sense of “cause and effect.” Curiosity, experimentation, and exploration result in the learning process. Object permanence is fully developed
Sensory Development for toddler (1-3 years)
Binocular vision well developed by 15 months Knows one name by 12 months; refers to self Follows simple directions by 2 years Identifies geometric forms by 18 months Uses short sentences by 18 months to 2 years Remembers and repeats 3 numbers by 3 years Able to speak 300 words by 2 years
Separation Anxiety
distress behavior that is observed in young children, between the ages of 6 and 30 months, when separated from familiar caregivers; peaks around 15 months.
Should have _____ deciduous teeth by age 2 1/2
20
Six Rights of Med Administration
Right Child Right Drug Right Dose Right Time Right Route Right Documentation
Skill play
using new discovered skills of grasp and manipulation children practice over and over for proficiency but may lead to frustration along the way until they succeed.
Social affective play
interacting with people as a reaction to attention and provoking interaction through smiling cooing etc.
Platelets may be decreased in
Cancer, renal or liver disease, and aplastic anemia
Socialization Function of Families
Productive members of society
Sodium levels may be decreased in
Gastric suctioning, burns, or tissue injury
Potassium may be decreased (Hypokalemia) in
Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, gastric suctioning, or metabolic alkalosis
Sodium levels may be increased in
Dehydration, severe vomiting, and diarrhea
Solitary play
independent play, no effort is made to interact with other children
Sometime called “Chief Complaint”
Reason for Seeking Care
SQ locations for vaccines
Thigh or upper arm
Stages of Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame (1 to 3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6 years) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years)
Stages of Grief
“DABDA” Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Stages of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) 2. Preoperational (2 to 7 years) 3. Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years) 4. Formal Operations (11 years to death)
Stages of Separation Anxiety
- Protest- child appears sad, agitated, angry, inconsolable, watches desperately for parents to return. 2. Despair- child appears sad, hopeless, withdrawn; acts ambivalent when parents return. 3. Detachment- child appears happy, interested in environment, becomes attached to staff members; may ignore parents
Stepping Reflex
hold infant upright and let feet touch a surface, and infant should appear to take steps in a walking motion. disappears by 2 months.
Strabismus
Lack of eye muscle coordination
Sucking Reflex
Infant should suck vigorously when gloved finger inserted in mouth. Disappears by 10-12 months.
Talipes Equinovarus
clubfoot, adduction of forefoot, inversion of entire foot, and pointing downward of entire foot.
Talipes Varus
Adduction of forefoot, and inversion of entire foot
TDap (Diptheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis) immunization schedule
1st- 2 months 2nd- 4 months 3rd- 6 months 4th- 15-18 months 5th- 4 to 6 years
Teeth begin to fall out around
age six
Therapeutic Communication Techniques for Nurses
Clarifying Paraphrasing Reflecting Silence Structuring Pinpointing Questioning Directing Summarizing
Therapeutic value
express emotion release unacceptable impulses, gain control, gain acceptance of their behavior and actions
To medicate a preschooler
Offer choices
To medicate a school age child
provide choices, explanations, distraction, and support
To medicate a toddler
use play, minimize restraint, and give praise and stickers as rewards
To medicate an adolescent
Explain, allow participation in decisions, praise cooperation, and provide outlet for frustrations.
To medicate an infant
cuddle and comfort
Toddler Nutritional Requirements
102 kcal/kg/day 11 grams/day Protein
Toddler Play
Begins as imaginative and make-believe play; may imitate adult in play Provide blocks, wheel toys, push toys, puzzles, crayons to develop motor and coordination abilities Toddlers enjoy repetitive stories and short songs with rhythm
Socialization
move from mother to children and problem solve. Give and take, sex roles and behavior moral values and ethics
Tonic neck reflex
Turn infant head to one side, and arm and leg on side head is turned will extend and opposite extremities will flex. Appears at 2 months and disappears by 4-6 months.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth to 1 year. Establish trust in people providing care. Mistrust develops if basic needs are inconsistently or inadequately met.
Tympanic membrane should be
pearly gray to light pink, with landmarks visible
Unoccupied behavior
day dreaming, fiddling with clothing, walk aimlessly, stepping away momentarily from other activity
Use 10th and 90th percentiles to determine
which children are outside typical limits
Use Faye Symbol Chart (pictures) for
Preschool age children
Use Snellen Letter Chart for
School age children
Use Snellen Symbol Chart (E Chart) for
Preschool age children
Varicella immunization schedule
12 to 15 months 2nd- 4 to 6 years
Verbal content makes up ______% of a message
7%
Visual Acuity at 12 months
20/100
Visual Acuity at 2 years
20/50 to 20/40
Visual Acuity at 4-6 months
20/200
Visual Acuity at 4-6 years
20/30 to 20/20
Visual Acuity at 7 years
20/20
Visual Acuity at birth
20/300
WBC may be decreased in
Cancer, aplastic anemia, and viral infections
WBC may be increased in
Acute infections, burns, leukemia, sickle cell anemia
Weight Gain for toddler (1-3 years)
4 times birth rate by 2 1/2 years
When giving DTap, Hib, and Hep B simultaneously…
Give most reactive vaccine (DTap) in one leg, and the others into the other leg
When percussing lungs___________ is normal due to thinness of chest wall
hyperresonance
