Test 1 Material

Question 1

How & where does R-protein function?

Answer 1

it functions in the stomach to enhance the absorption of vitamin B12

Question 2

How does bicarbonate function & what is it?

Answer 2

Bicarbonate is a base that assists in neutralizing acids in foods & acids produced by bacteria inhabiting the oral cavity. It helps in keeping a normal acid-base pH.

Question 3

What are some disorders of the esophagus?

Answer 3

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) aka Acid Reflux (dx given once there have been repeated episodes).

because the esophageal mucosa does not have the same protective layers as the gastric mucosa significant damage to the esophagus may occur due to low pH of the gastric juices.

Damage: edema, tissue erosion & ulceration; blood vessel (usuall capillary) damage, spasms; and fibrotic tissue formation causing a narrowing w/in esophagus.

Question 4

What foods should be avoided to help minimize reductions in sphincter pressure?

Answer 4

high fat foods, chocolate, nicotine, alcohol and carminative (volatile oil extracts of plants; spearmint & peppermint oils.

Question 5

What substances increase gastric acid production?

Answer 5

alcohol, excessive calcium & decaffeinated & caffeinated coffee and tea

Question 6

What foods can directly irritate inflamed tissues?

Answer 6

Citrus products & other acidic foods or beverages + spices (black pepper, nutmeg, cloves & chili powder)

Question 7

What 3 enzymes are found in Gastric Juice?

Answer 7

1. Pepsin - is the active form & hydrolyzes proteins. Optimal pepsin activity occurs at ~3.5 pH (note: initially secreted in gastric juice as a zymogen called Pepsinogen)
2. Gastric Lipase - hydrolyzes FAs from glycerol’s third carbon in triacyglycerols (enzyme thought to be responsible for up to 20% of lipid digestion)
3. Hydrochloric acid (HCL)

Question 8

What do these 3 Accessory organs help with?
Pancreas
Liver
Gall Bladder

Answer 8

They help with the digestion and absorption process in the small intestine