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Histology - BIOL 530 > Test 1 - Lecture 5 (connective) > Flashcards

Test 1 - Lecture 5 (connective) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is connective tissue located?

A

underlies or surrounds muscle, nervous, and/or epithelial tissues

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2
Q

What items are found in the connective tissue?

A

cells & extracellular matrix (ECM)

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3
Q

What are 4 ways that connective tissue differs from epithelial tissue?

A
  1. cells not attached to each other
  2. cells are more randomly distributed
  3. space between cells is ECM
  4. embryonic origin is all 3 germ layers (epithelium is only mesoderm)
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4
Q

How is connective tissue classified?

A

by composition and organization of cellular and extracellular components and special functions

  1. types of cells present
  2. types of fiber present
  3. ground substance components
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5
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A

How packed the fibers are and amount of ground substance

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6
Q

Describe the appearance of/what is found in loose connective tissue.

A
  1. thin, sparse collagen fibers
  2. lots of cells
  3. lots of ground substance
  4. viscous, gel-like
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7
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found?

A
  1. beneath epithelial mucosa and serosa
  2. associated epithelial glands
  3. around small blood vessels
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8
Q

Describe the appearance of/what is found in dense irregular connective tissue.

A
  1. mostly collagen fibers in bundles
  2. bundles in varying directions
  3. sparse cells
  4. little ground substance
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9
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A
  1. submucosa of hollow organs
  2. reticular layer of dermis
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10
Q

Describe the appearance of/what is found in dense regular connective tissue.

A
  1. sparse cells
  2. many collagen fibers
  3. fibers have organized parallel arrangement
  4. little ground substance
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11
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A
  1. tendons
  2. ligaments
  3. aponeurosis
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12
Q

What features would help you distinguish between loose and dense irregular?

A
  1. amount of cells (loose has more)
  2. amount of fibers (dense irregular has more)
  3. ground substance (loose has more
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13
Q

Describe the appearance of collagen fibers with light microscopy vs. electron microscopy.

A

EM: highly striated tube-like structures

LM: eosinophilic w/ H&E (glycine and hydroxy p have positive charge)

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14
Q

How is collagen produced (short version-6)?

A
  1. mRNA formed in nucleus
  2. synthesis of pro-a chains on rER
  3. hydroxylation of proline & lysine
  4. glycosylation of specific hydroxylysl residues
  5. formation of procollagen triple helix
  6. helixes wrap to make full fiber
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15
Q

Type 1 collagen fiber

A
  1. loose and dense C.T.
  2. 90% collagen
  3. heterotrimeric
  4. gives resistance to force, tension, strength
  5. fibrillar
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16
Q

Type II collagen fiber

A
  1. hyaline and elastic cartilage
  2. resistance to pressure
  3. fibrillar
  4. homotrimeric
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17
Q

Type III collagen fiber

A
  1. loose C.T.
  2. makes reticular fibers
  3. fibrillar
  4. support scaffold for specialized cells
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18
Q

Type IV collagen fiber

A
  1. basal lamina
  2. support & filtration barrier
  3. not fibrillar
  4. sheet forming
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19
Q

Type VII collagen fiber

A
  1. anchoring fibrils of skin, eye, uterus, esophagus
  2. not fibrillar
  3. secure basal lamina to C.T.
20
Q

Describe reticular fibers and why they do not stain well with H&E.

A
  1. type III
  2. 20 nm
  3. branching (tree)

it doesn’t stain well because all sugar groups in type III (no charge)

21
Q

Describe elastic fibers and why they do not stain will with H&E.

A
  1. branching but thin like hair
  2. make a network with elastin and fibrillin

cannot be easily differentiated with collagen fibers in H&E

22
Q

Consider the 3 fiber types (collagens, reticular, elastic). What are their functions and how does structure and function go together?

A
  1. collagen: tension & strength (big & “braided)
  2. reticular: support scaffolding & lymphatic system (branching network)
  3. elastic: keep from overstretching (thin, wiry, network)
23
Q

How would you differentiate collagen and elastin fibers using electron microscopy?

A

collagen fibers are in individual fibers all clumped to make up one big one and elastin is all one big fiber with rough surface

24
Q

What is ground substance and what is it made of?

A

It is the space between cells and fibers

  1. water
  2. proteoglycans
  3. multiadhesive glycoproteins
  4. glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
25
Q

Describe proteoglycans.

A

large molecules with protein core and many long chain polysaccharides (GAGs) covalently bonded to the core.

26
Q

What are the different types of glucosaminoglycans?

A

In cartilage:
1. hyaluronic acid
2. heparin sulfate
3. chondroitin 4- & 6- sulfate

In other places:
4. heparin
5. dermatan sulfate
6. keratan sulfate

27
Q

What are multiadhesive glycoproteins and what are their functions?

A

protein + small sugar group

  1. stabilized ECM & link to cell surface
  2. regulate functions of ECM to cell movement & migration
  3. stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation
28
Q

What are the multiadhesive glycoproteins?

A
  1. Fibronectin
  2. Laminin
  3. Tenascin
  4. Osteopontin
29
Q

Fibronectin

A

cells attach to ECM (most abundant)

30
Q

Laminin

A

attaches tissues together (basal lamina of BM)

31
Q

Tenascin

A

embryonic (except injury/cancer)

32
Q

Osteopontin

A

specific to bone - attaches osteoclast to bone spicule (bone reabsorption & remodeling)

33
Q

What are the fixed cell populations in connective tissue?

A
  1. fibroblasts & myofibroblast
  2. mononuclear phagocytic system
  3. mast cells
  4. adult stem cells & pericytes
  5. adipocytes
34
Q

What does a fibroblast do and are these a fixed cell population?

A

Yes.
1. make and secrete collagen, elastic, reticular fibers & complex carbs of ground substance
2. make majority of ECM & ground
3. activated in growth and wound repair

35
Q

What are the functions of the MPS cells and are these a fixed cell population?

A

Yes
1. phagocytosis
2. secretion
3. antigen processing and presentation

36
Q

What do mast cells do and are they a fixed population?

A

Yes
1. mediate hypersensitivity, reactions, allergies, and anaphylaxis
2. secrete histamines & leukotriene

37
Q

Is adipose tissue solely for storage of lipids?

A

No, white provides insulation, cushioning for vital organs, and hormone secretion

38
Q

Do brown adipocytes and white adipocytes arise in the same manner?

A

No, they have differing cell lineage, but both are from mesenchymal cells.

white - perivascular stem cells
brown - skeletal myogenic progenitor cell

  • transdifferentiation
39
Q

Where does one find white adipose tissue?

A
  1. subcutaneous C.T.
  2. greater omentum
  3. mesentery
  4. kidneys
  5. palms, soles
  6. orbit around eyeballs
40
Q

What are some possible harmful effects of too much white adipose?

A
  1. increase eating (indirectly with leptin)
  2. increase inflammation
  3. increase blood pressure
41
Q

Are white adipocytes true “cells”?

A

They have all the features of a “true cell” except for a plasma membrane… instead membrane similar to external lamina

42
Q

What does it mean for brown adipose to be multi-ocular?

A

multi-ocular brown has multiple small sacs of lipids

uni-ocular white has one large sac of lipid

43
Q

What is the function of brown adipose tissue?

A

heat production

44
Q

Would you expect and adult human to have much brown adipose?

A

No, high in children/newborns (baby fat) and hibernating animals

45
Q
A

Histology - BIOL 530 (17 decks)

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