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International Security > Test 1 International Security > Flashcards

Test 1 International Security Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of theories?

A

Causal and Constitutive

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2
Q

Explain Causal theory

A

A must be distinct from B and temporally precede the existence of B

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3
Q

Explain Constitutive theory

A

A and B are not distinct from one another. They also do not exist at different moments in time.
Example: The English language doesn’t cause a British identity, instead it is part of that identity and helps to constitute it along with other things like nationalism

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4
Q

What is an interstate war

A

Advancing state political interests through fighting between centralized military organizations

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5
Q

What is a civil war

A

Insurgent groups within states fight coercive organizations supporting the state

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6
Q

What is a revolutionary war

A

Involve guerillas attempting to overthrow a state

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7
Q

What is a irregular war

A

Fighting between numerous state and nonstate actors, often in an authoritarian vacuum

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8
Q

What are the domestic consequences of war

A

Strengthening administrative machinery of the state, enlarging coercive force, change in domestic political order, and possible fall of the government

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9
Q

What are the international consequences of war

A

Destruction of states, new boundaries, and international political order change

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10
Q

Break apart the Bargaining Model of War

A

Division of disputed issue (X), Probability of military victory (P), and C (Cost of war)

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11
Q

Explain interactions between Russia and Germany prior to the war

A

Russia’s mobilization, while only precautionary, was seen by Germany as aggressive. It sent an ultimatum to the Russian to cease mobilization but after demands were ignored, it launched a preventive war so the Russian would not demand more concessions with its larger military (bargaining failure / commitment problem). This is also a sunk cost. Russia’s military advances before its mobilization were also concerning and demonstrated the security dilemma. The Germans were convinced that Russia was planning on going to war (private information), demonstrating the effectiveness of Russia’s sunk cost.

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12
Q

Explain Germany’s interests

A

Germany did not believe Russian promises of reducing influence in the Balkans. Wanted to take Baltics from Russia because had ethnic Germans

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13
Q

Describe Serbia and Bosnia’s relationship

A

Serbs want to integrate Bosnia → tension between Russia and Austria-Hungary

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14
Q

Describe Austria-Hungary and Bosnia’s relationship

A

Austria-Hungary seizes Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 and made plans to occupy half of Serbia to stop Serbian factions from launching terrorist attacks in Bosnia, but Russians who wanted an independent Serbia that is aligned with Russia

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15
Q

Describe relationship with Britain and Germany

A

Britain was concerned that German occupation of Belgium would shift the balance of power by offering access to ports (GBR-GER naval competition) and an avenue to attack France.

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16
Q

When does Britain mobilize

A

Britain mobilizes after Russian and Germany.

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17
Q

How did France get involved in the conflict

A

Throughout the July crisis, France affirmed its alliance obligations to Russia and encouraged Russia to stand firm. The French government saw this latest manifestation of longstanding Balkan disputes as a device to activate Russian participation in a war against Germany and offset the security threat to France posed by the growth of the German army.

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18
Q

What were Austria-Hungary’s interests?

A

Bosnia and stopping Serbia

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19
Q

What was Germany’s interest

A

Naval expansion through Belgium, Back Austria-Hungary

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20
Q

What was Austria-Hungary’s Military capabilities?

A

Had the German support through Blank Check

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21
Q

What was the military capability of Germany

A

Navy, Schlieffen plan, Moltke plan

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22
Q

What is the schlieffen plan

A

The Schlieffen Plan was a military strategy developed by Germany prior to World War I, which aimed to quickly defeat France by avoiding their strong border defenses through a surprise attack via Belgium, while holding off Russia on the Eastern Front.

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23
Q

What was the Moltke plan

A

The Moltke Plan was a modified version of the Schlieffen Plan that Germany implemented during World War I, which shifted troops from the right wing to the left wing of the army and led to a more defensive approach.

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24
Q

What commitment problem did the Austria-Hungarians have

A

Commitment not to further expand into Balkans, but couldn’t commit to the peace treaty at end of Balkans war

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25
Q

What commitment problem did Germany have

A

if Austria Hungary fights then Germany fights

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26
Q

What commitment did the Ottomans have?

A

Cant commit to territorial boundaries in Balkans

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27
Q

What domestic politics in Austria-Hungary

A

Dual monarchy, Balkin question, and ethnic strife

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28
Q

What domestic politics did Germany have

A

Public did not want war

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29
Q

What domestic politics did Ottomans have

A

Food and economy crisis

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30
Q

What interests did Russia have

A

Warm water port (Slavic/Balkan), and growth in Europe

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31
Q

What were the interests of France

A

Not to be invaded, and support Russia

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32
Q

What were the interests of the UK

A

Keep Germany out of Belgium, major power in Europe

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33
Q

What were the interests of the USA

A

Prewar: Stop the war –> During war: Support triple entente

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34
Q

What were the interests of Serbia

A

Wanted Bosnia, not to get colonized

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35
Q

How did private info impact Russia

A

Bad private info resulted in slow mobilization (cost signal)

36
Q

What was the commitment problem of France

A

If Russia goes to war, France goes to war

37
Q

UK Commitment problem

A

No one was sure if UK would help in the case of war

38
Q

What was the commitment problem between Serbia and Austria-Hungary

A

Austria Hungary did not trust Serbia to crack down on anarchist groups

39
Q

How did private information impact Serbia

A

Serbia did not know Austria Hungary had a blank check from Germany… this meant Austria Hungary would be dead set on going to war

40
Q

Give an example of dollar model with Serbia, Russia, and Austria-Hungary

A

the $100 bill in the bargaining model, with Russia and Austria-Hungary representing two parties. Uncertainty as to what the other party would do, if advances would be made, and how the other might extend their influence in the region led to tensions, which contributed to the outbreak of World War I. Russia perceived Austria-Hungary’s seizure of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 as a potential threat, since it infringed upon their influence in Serbia. While Austria-Hungary was motivated to prevent potential terror attacks from Serbs living in the region.

41
Q

What was the UK’s interest in Belgium

A

Wanted to prevent German control of Belgium as they knew It made it easy for them to be invaded

42
Q

What was Germany’s interest with Belgium

A

Schlieffen-Moltke Plan: to shift the distribution of power (could not honor commitment as cost of war would be too high otherwise)

Get France out Early

43
Q

How did Germany show the commitment problem

A

Violating the treaty of London of 1839

44
Q

Discuss the UK and the bargaining cycle

A

Backed by US, controlled outcome of Western Front, no longer a risk of Germany winning

45
Q

Describe Germany and the bargaining cycle

A

Germany lost so much of their military in the fighting, that they cannot continue fighting on West front (P) due to the increased costs

46
Q

Discuss the outbreak of war using the bargaining model

A

The bargaining model of war states that war occurs when neither side is willing to make the concessions proposed between each other which can be caused when the opposing sides lack an understanding of themselves or their opponent. In the case of Germany, they began to make the first move due to the miscalculated belief that the war would be decided within a matter of weeks and the one that dealt the first blow would be greatly advantaged. They also made the mistake of interpreting the mobilization of Russian troops as an immediate threat that was to be met with action.

47
Q

Describe anarchy

A

Anarchy is the absence of supranational authority; unlike domestic politics, there are no clear lines of authority that delegate decision-making responsibility in the international system. Rather, individual states are sovereign within their own borders

48
Q

What are the sources of order in the global system

A

Military, Political, Social, and Economic

49
Q

Give an example of a causal relationship

A

Democracy causes peace theory

50
Q

Give an example of constitutive theory

A

Norms valuing racial equality constitute national interests

51
Q

Give an example of normative theory

A

Can wage just wars of self defense

52
Q

Explain the impact distinguishable weapons (defense or offense) can impact the possibility of war

A

This can reduce the risks of miscommunication. Machine guns help the defense, nuclear weapons make offense impossible.

53
Q

Give a historic example of overestimating in bargaining leverage

A

Iraq invaded Kuwait for control of oil production to pay for debts accrued during war with Iran and to avenge Kuwait’s role in decreasing OPEC oil prices that exacerbated Iraq’s economic challenges. Kuwait did not make concessions during negotiations with Iraq because of private information that Saddam was bluffing when he positioned troops on the Iraq-Kuwait border (sunk cost/audience cost).
Issues of private information and perception: Although his military was inferior Saddam fought the US because he believed the American public lacked the resolve to sustain any casualties

54
Q

Give context for Russia becoming destabilized

A

Russo-Japanese War: Russia lost significant military power and international prestige as a world power. Combined with poor living conditions, the people began increasing their dissent toward Czar Nicholas, which would eventually lead to the Russian Revolution in 1917. It shifted the balance of power = destabilizing

55
Q

Describe how Russia’s withdraw impacted the international system

A

The temporary withdrawal of Russia tilted this distribution toward Germany and Austria-Hungary. The subsequent recovery of Russian military strength in the years leading up to World War I helped trigger a commitment problem that destabilized European politics by again shifting the distribution of power back in Russia’s favor.

56
Q

Discuss the July Crisis

A

Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian national. Germany pledges its support for AH via a blank cheque, which is not known to the world (private information) at the time. AH suspects Serbian complicity and sends an ultimatum to avoid conflict.

Peaceful negotiations fail

57
Q

Discuss how Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum would fail

A

Austria Hungary’s ultimatum to Serbia was an intentionally engineered bargaining failure because it was so unreasonable that Serbia would have no choice to fight

58
Q

Discuss how Russia’s initial mobilization impacted the war as a whole

A

Russia partially mobilized to signal its willingness to support Serbia. Posters around Russia conveyed to Austria and Germany that . Germany responded with a mobilization because it saw Russia’s intent to invade

59
Q

Discuss why Germany and Austria Hungary get involved

A

Austria Hungary gets involved to fight preventive war against Serbia. Germany and Austria-Hungary can involved to fight preventive war against Russia

60
Q

Using the logic of the Commitment Problem, explain how Balkan Wars contribute to the outbreak of World War I.

A

The Balkan Wars, which favored Serbia, changed the territorial holdings in southeastern Europe. This allowed AH’s rival to demand political concessions as it grew in military strength. AH could not trust Serbia to stop funding separatist movements or future territorial demands and so launch a preventative war to stop Serbia’s ascent

61
Q

What is a sunk cost

A

The action itself is the cost

62
Q

What is a audience cost

A

Felt if they fail to execute on a promise or threat

63
Q

Give an example of a sunk cost

A

Russian partial mobilization on Austria Hungary border

64
Q

Give an example of a audience cost

A
  • Serbia/Austria Hungary ultimatum
  • Russia/Germany preWWI letters; July Crisis
65
Q

Describe bargianing failure of Germany due to failure of knowledge

A

Germany doesn’t know about French Naval Agreement

66
Q

Describe commitment problem between UK and France

A

This would come through the French Naval agreement and would begin their alliance

67
Q

What commitment problem did Germany have

A

Treaty of London

68
Q

Why did the Axis have more commitment problems than the allies

A

The reason Allies have no commitment problems is because they are stable and do not want war.
The Axis powers have commitment problems because they are unstable and expansionary, and also declining, and therefore must violate commitments, thus creating commitment problems, to survive.

From perception of their own power (Germany)- the Ottoman Empire is the corpse of Europe and the next to fall are Austrians. Germany feels that with their allies decreasing in power and the rising strength of the rest of Europe, Germany feels like they’re next after Austria so they are willing to break a commitment to peace, go to war NOW

69
Q

Discuss the security dilemma

A

Exists when actions of policies that are intended to protect citizens of the state might simultaneously threaten the citizens of another state. Defensive actions can be perceived as more threatening… This decreases the likelihood of cooperation.

70
Q

Why did Germany increase relationship with the Austira-Hungarians

A

Fear of encirclement from the French and Russia… this leads to strengthening of alliance with Austria-Hungary

71
Q

Why did Russia increase relationship with French

A

Fear of no longer a great power so began building with help of the French and Great Program of military spending. This scared Germany.

72
Q

Why did Austira-Hungary get closer to Germany

A

Fear of Serbia destroying their empire, and Russia not restraining itself in the Balkans. This results in them tying themself closer to Germany.

73
Q

Why was Britain fearful of Germany

A

Fear of Germany’s policy of Weltpolitik (imperial plans)

74
Q

Did governments belief in offense or defense

A

All militaries believed in offensive militaries being stronger than defensive militaries. Example was Schlieffen Plan – Germany fighting a two front war against France and then Russia

75
Q

What were the results of the end of WW1

A

Change in global order, treaty of Versailles leading to WW2, growth of militaries (except Germany), and reset national interests

76
Q

Describe how the treaty of versailles impacted Europe

A

Victors heavily influenced and shaped document. Germany and Russia excluded from negotiating. Revising of imperial orders, claims Germany responsible for WW1, reparations, and plethora of new states and boundaries (LOTS OF DEMOCRACIES)

77
Q

What is the two-level game

A

International outcomes and foreign policy choices reflect political negotiations on a domestic and international level
Sets of Political Problems….How define the national interest, different domestic groups may hold competing foreign policy interests, how make collective choice that translates individual interests into national interests, and distribution of power

78
Q

What is the Coercion dilemma

A

A tension stemming from the capacity of some political actors to direct the behavior of others through either the use of coercion or its threatened use. This tension emerges from the simultaneous dependence of legitimate political orders on some coercive capacity to protect people and the potential that the same coercive capacity can be used for unfair or unjust purposes, including the violent redistribution of wealth and territory

79
Q

What is the Collective Action Problem

A

The challenges associated with sustaining a cooperative effort among two or more actors to provide a public good, These cooperative efforts are often hindered by free riding, in which actors enjoy the benefits of the public good without having to pay any of those costs associated with supplying it.

80
Q

What is the Democratic Peace Theory

A

A prominent theory in the study of international relations arguing that rates of military conflict should be lower among democratic states than among groups of states that include some autocracies

81
Q

Define International System

A

Global aggregation of people, organizations, ideas, rules, and the natural world. It includes a series of political, economic, and social connections binding these parts into a larger whole.

82
Q

What is Jus Ad Bellum

A

The right to war… Highlights the justness or appropriateness of any decision to begin a war and holds that states can legitimately wage defensive wars to protect themselves from military aggression that violates their territorial integrity or sovereignty

83
Q

What is Lenin’s theory of imperialism

A

Lenin’s explanation for WW1, arguing economic pressures associated with capitalism triggered imperial expansion and war among wealthy states

84
Q

Define preemptive war

A

A war fought to prevent a shift in the distribution of military power between opposing sides that would ultimately pressure the weakening side to make a series of political concessions in the future

85
Q

Define preventive war

A

War fought to prevent a shift in the distribution of military power between opposing sides that would ultimately pressure the weakening side to make a series of political concessions in the future.

86
Q

What are self-enforcing agreements

A

Agreements or contracts that do not need a third-party enforcement mechanism to ensure all parties comply.

87
Q

What is strategic interdependence

A

A condition under which the choices of actors often depend on the actions - both real and anticipated - of other actors in the environment

International Security (2 decks)

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