Test 1 General Principles Flashcards
This bond results from a head-on overlap of two atomic orbitals.
Sigma bond
What is bond strength?
The amount of energy needed to break or form a specific bond.
What is bond length?
The optimum distance between 2 nuclei for maximum stability.
What type of bond results from sideways overlap of atomic orbitals?
A pi bond
A double bond is comprised of:
1 sigma bond, 1 pi bond
A triple bond is comprised of
1 signature bond, 2 pi bond
What bond angle is associated with a tetrahedral arrangement?
109 degrees
What bond angle is associated with a trigonal planar arrangement?
120 degrees
What bond angle is associated with a linear arrangement?
180 degrees
If a difference of electronegativity is equal to 2.0 or greater,
The bond is Ionic
If a difference of electronegativity is between .5 and 2.0 the bond is
Polar covalent
If a difference of electronegativity is equal to or less than .5
The bond is non polar covalent
The shifting of electrons in a sigma bond. ___ inductively donate and ___ inductively withdraw.
Inductive effect ; metals, nonmetals
All polar bonds in a substance add together to give net molecular polarity, measured by the ___.
Dipole moment
mew = charge @ ends of dipole times the distance between charges
Dipole moment
What kind of molecule has no dipole moment?
Symmetrical molecules
Calculate owned electrons
of bonds + all unshared electrons
Calculate formal charge
of valence electrons - owned
What 2 ways do resonance forms differ?
placement of pi bonds or nonbonding electrons.
Three typical shifts in resonance.
pi bon to adjacent atom, pi bond to adjacent bond, atom to adjacent bond
Bronstead Lowry acid ___ proton; base ____
donates; accepts
The acidity constant describes
an acids strenght; ability to donate a proton
Stronger acids have a ___ Ka
larger
The reaction favors the ___ pKa value
larger
an atom with lone pair of electron that can bond to hydrogen
Organic bases
N-containing molecules are the most common
organic bases
Lewis acids ___ an electron pair; base ____
accepts; donates
Most Lewis bases contain __ or __
Nitrogen or oxygen
Lewis bases may have more than 1 ____, but still only react once
reaction site
Forces caused by the nonuniform distribution of electrons within a molecule
Dispersion forces
Forces between polar molecules
dipole-dipole
forces between H bonded to electronegative atoms and lone pairs on other electronegative atom
hydrogen bonds
Molecules that contain only Carbon and Hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
two divisions of hydrocarbons
aromatic and aliphatic
Alkanes contain only __ bonds between carbon atoms
single
an aliphatic molecule with a double bond between carbons
alkene
an aliphatic molecule with a triple bond between carbons
alkyne
The chemistry of every organic molecule is determined by the ___ it contains.
functional groups
Hydrogen always goes from a ___ acid or base to a ___ acid or base.
stronger to weaker
organic acids contain
positively polarized hydrogen
2 types of hydrogen make an organic acid
h bonded to an electronegative atom or h bonded to carbon next to carbon double bonded to oxygen.
General alkane formula
CnH2n+2
How do constitutional isomers differ?
in order of connectivity. This includes different Carbon skeletons, functional groups, and positions of functional groups.
Primary carbon
attached to 1 carbon
secondary carbon
attached to two carbons
tertiary carbon
attached to three carbons
quaternary carbon
attached to 4 carbons
H atoms are classified
by the carbon they are attached to.
Rules of naming hydrocarbons
longest chain, most branches, 1st branch point, alphabetize functional groups
