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Organic Chemistry > Test 1 General Principles > Flashcards

Test 1 General Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

This bond results from a head-on overlap of two atomic orbitals.

A

Sigma bond

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2
Q

What is bond strength?

A

The amount of energy needed to break or form a specific bond.

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3
Q

What is bond length?

A

The optimum distance between 2 nuclei for maximum stability.

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4
Q

What type of bond results from sideways overlap of atomic orbitals?

A

A pi bond

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5
Q

A double bond is comprised of:

A

1 sigma bond, 1 pi bond

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6
Q

A triple bond is comprised of

A

1 signature bond, 2 pi bond

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7
Q

What bond angle is associated with a tetrahedral arrangement?

A

109 degrees

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8
Q

What bond angle is associated with a trigonal planar arrangement?

A

120 degrees

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9
Q

What bond angle is associated with a linear arrangement?

A

180 degrees

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10
Q

If a difference of electronegativity is equal to 2.0 or greater,

A

The bond is Ionic

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11
Q

If a difference of electronegativity is between .5 and 2.0 the bond is

A

Polar covalent

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12
Q

If a difference of electronegativity is equal to or less than .5

A

The bond is non polar covalent

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13
Q

The shifting of electrons in a sigma bond. ___ inductively donate and ___ inductively withdraw.

A

Inductive effect ; metals, nonmetals

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14
Q

All polar bonds in a substance add together to give net molecular polarity, measured by the ___.

A

Dipole moment

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15
Q

mew = charge @ ends of dipole times the distance between charges

A

Dipole moment

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16
Q

What kind of molecule has no dipole moment?

A

Symmetrical molecules

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17
Q

Calculate owned electrons

A

of bonds + all unshared electrons

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18
Q

Calculate formal charge

A

of valence electrons - owned

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19
Q

What 2 ways do resonance forms differ?

A

placement of pi bonds or nonbonding electrons.

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20
Q

Three typical shifts in resonance.

A

pi bon to adjacent atom, pi bond to adjacent bond, atom to adjacent bond

21
Q

Bronstead Lowry acid ___ proton; base ____

A

donates; accepts

22
Q

The acidity constant describes

A

an acids strenght; ability to donate a proton

23
Q

Stronger acids have a ___ Ka

A

larger

24
Q

The reaction favors the ___ pKa value

A

larger

25
Q

an atom with lone pair of electron that can bond to hydrogen

A

Organic bases

26
Q

N-containing molecules are the most common

A

organic bases

27
Q

Lewis acids ___ an electron pair; base ____

A

accepts; donates

28
Q

Most Lewis bases contain __ or __

A

Nitrogen or oxygen

29
Q

Lewis bases may have more than 1 ____, but still only react once

A

reaction site

30
Q

Forces caused by the nonuniform distribution of electrons within a molecule

A

Dispersion forces

31
Q

Forces between polar molecules

A

dipole-dipole

32
Q

forces between H bonded to electronegative atoms and lone pairs on other electronegative atom

A

hydrogen bonds

33
Q

Molecules that contain only Carbon and Hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbons

34
Q

two divisions of hydrocarbons

A

aromatic and aliphatic

35
Q

Alkanes contain only __ bonds between carbon atoms

A

single

36
Q

an aliphatic molecule with a double bond between carbons

A

alkene

37
Q

an aliphatic molecule with a triple bond between carbons

A

alkyne

38
Q

The chemistry of every organic molecule is determined by the ___ it contains.

A

functional groups

39
Q

Hydrogen always goes from a ___ acid or base to a ___ acid or base.

A

stronger to weaker

40
Q

organic acids contain

A

positively polarized hydrogen

41
Q

2 types of hydrogen make an organic acid

A

h bonded to an electronegative atom or h bonded to carbon next to carbon double bonded to oxygen.

42
Q

General alkane formula

A

CnH2n+2

43
Q

How do constitutional isomers differ?

A

in order of connectivity. This includes different Carbon skeletons, functional groups, and positions of functional groups.

44
Q

Primary carbon

A

attached to 1 carbon

45
Q

secondary carbon

A

attached to two carbons

46
Q

tertiary carbon

A

attached to three carbons

47
Q

quaternary carbon

A

attached to 4 carbons

48
Q

H atoms are classified

A

by the carbon they are attached to.

49
Q

Rules of naming hydrocarbons

A

longest chain, most branches, 1st branch point, alphabetize functional groups

Organic Chemistry (7 decks)

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