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psyc 2351 > test 1 (chs 1-4) > Flashcards

test 1 (chs 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of a mental disorder?

A

harmful dysfunction - suggests that a mental disorder causes someone not to function as they should, which in turn causes a person harm

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2
Q

co-occurring/comorbid

A

when someone has more than one mental disorder at a time

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3
Q

systems theory (interdependence of multiple causes)

A

biological, psychological & social factors interacting in complex ways

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4
Q

equifinality

A

different paths can lead to the same outcome (mental disorder)

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5
Q

multifinality

A

the same cause can lead to different outcomes (depending on the circumstances)

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6
Q

holism

A

focuses on examining things as a whole - suggests that we can only understand parts when we view them in relation to the whole

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7
Q

reciprocal causality

A

states that 3 factors influence behavior (& each other) - the individual, their environment, and the behavior itself

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8
Q

reductionism

A

focuses as examining parts/causes individually and breaking them down into their smallest parts

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9
Q

what does mind-body dualism ask?

A

if medicine changes one’s behavior, does that mean brain chemistry was responsible to begin with?

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10
Q

do psychological experiences exist apart from biology?

A

no, they are both influenced by each other

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11
Q

everything is influenced by?

A

genetic factors

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12
Q

what do twin studies tell about gene influence?

A

that the influence of genes always turns out to be larger than a shared environment

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12
Q

what is the directionality problem?

A

known as the “chicken or egg” problem, occurs when two related problems occur at the same time, and it’s difficult to know which causes which

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13
Q

what are the 4 traditional paradigms?

A

biological, psychoanalytical, behavioral, and humanistic

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13
Q

what is an example of the directionality problem?

A

stress & depression

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14
Q

what is a paradigm?

A

a collection of ideas and beliefs about how psychological disorders develop & are maintained & how they should be treated

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15
Q

when were the primary years for the psychoanalytical paradigm?

A

1960s-80s

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16
Q

when were the primary years for the behavioral paradigm?

A

1950s - 1970s

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16
Q

when were the primary years for the humanistic paradigm?

A

1940s - 1960s

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17
Q

what does the biological paradigm believe causes psychological disorders? (4)

A
  • irregularities in neuron communication & amount of communication
  • genetic mutations
  • irregularities in brain circuits
  • hormonal imbalance
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18
Q

when were the primary years for the biological paradigm?

A

19th century - now

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19
Q

what are some biological treatments? (3)

A
  • drugs (antidepressants, antipsychotics, etc)
  • shock therapy
  • lobotomy (not used anymore)
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19
Q

who/where did the psychodynamic paradigm develop from?

A

Sigmund Freud & his theories

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20
Q

what are the 3 parts of the mind? (as developed by Freud)

A

Id, Ego, & Superego

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21
Q

what are the components of the Id (3)?

A
  • present from birth
  • controls drives like hunger, sex, & aggression
  • operates according to the pleasure principle – seeks immediate gratification & creates discomfort until satisfied
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21
Q

are the id’s impulses generally conscious or unconscious?

A

unconscious

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22
Q

are the Ego’s desires usually conscious or unconscious?

A

conscious

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22
Q

what are the components of the Ego? (2)

A
  • develops in the 1st year of life and continues evolving
  • deals with realities of the world
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23
Q

what are the components of the Superego? (2)

A
  • roughly equivalent to a conscience
  • contains societal standards of behavior
  • tries to govern id & ego’s impulses & desires according to societal standards
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24
Q

are the superego’s desires usually conscious or unconscious?

A

conscious

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25
Q

what did Freud believe what would happen if you developed a fixation at a developmental stage?

A

you’d have a psychological disorder in the future

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26
Q

free association

A

patient talks about whatever they want as it comes to mind

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26
Q

what is the goal of psychodynamic treatment?

A

uncovering past traumas & inner conflicts to resolve them & resume personal development

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27
Q

cognitive - behavioral paradigm

A

Views abnormal behavior as a product of learning

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28
Q

what did Aaron Beck (inventor of CBT) believe?

A

thoughts influence feelings & behaviors

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28
Q

what did Albert Ellis believe?

A

behaviors influence feelings & thoughts

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29
Q

what are 3 components of the humanistic paradigm?

A
  • client centered therapy
  • unconditional positive regard
  • genuineness & empathy
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29
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

intereacting with a stimulus leads to a conditioned response (Pavlov’s dogs)

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29
Q

operant conditioning

A

method of learning that gives both rewards and punishment depending on the behavior

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30
Q

what is the goal of CBT? (2)

A
  • replace a problematic behavior with a more appropriate one
  • restructure unhelpful thoughts
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31
Q

who invented the Humanistic model?

A

Carl Rogers

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32
Q

what does the sociocultural model show?

A

disorders are best understood in light of society & culture

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33
Q

nomothetic questions

A

ask questions about people in general

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34
Q

idiographic questions

A

ask questions about individuals

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35
Q

what does the correlational method represent?

A

the association between 2 scores (ex: stress & sleep problems)

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36
Q

what 2 numbers does r range between?

A

0 & 1

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37
Q

longitudinal studies

A

follow people across a long period of time

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38
Q

single-case studies

A

follow one person through therapy & observe symptom changes

39
Q

epidemiological studies

A

collect data from representative community samples

40
Q

what is motivational interviewing?

A

prepares the client for treatment & change

41
Q

5 (6) stages of motivational interviewing

A

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse

42
Q

what is the “third wave” of behavior therapy?

A

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

43
Q

what is psychopharmacology?

A

the scientific study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.

44
Q

efficacy definition

A

does it work in a “pure” laboratory environment

45
Q

effectiveness

A

does it work in the real world?

46
Q

what 3 things support evidence-based practice?

A

clinical experience, clinical research, & patient preferences

47
Q

what does DSM stand for?

A

diagnostic and statistical manual

48
Q

what version of the DSM are we on & when was it published?

A

5, 2013

49
Q

what was the rosenhan study?

A

11 undergrads faked their way into various mental hospitals & were diagnosed with schizophrenia leading Rosenhan to argue that psychiatrists cannot tell the difference between psychotic patients & students w/o symptomsa

50
Q

why do we need classification?

A

for research & making treatment decisions

51
Q

what does criteria mean (in relation to mental disorders?)

A

symptoms experienced

52
Q

what is categorical classification? (2)

A

based on yes or no decisions & quantitative distinctions (ex: AIDs virus or not)

53
Q

what is dimensional classification?

A

emphasis on “how much” (sliding scale) & quantitative distinctions (ex: IQ)

54
Q

dimensional classification

A

based on a rating system (low, moderate, high, very high, extreme)

55
Q

what is the other official classification system we use & when was it published?

A

ICD-11, 2023

56
Q

who’s in charge of the ICD?

A

the world health organization (WHO)

57
Q

ICD-11 vs. DSM-5

A
  • ICD is used for all 194 member countries of the WHO, the DSM is used only in the USA
  • ICD covers both all disorders, not just mental
  • Countries can change disorders listed in the ICD for themselves, states cannot do this with the DSM
58
Q

which DSM edition & year was a HUGE turning point for psychiatric classification?

A

DSM-3 (1980)

59
Q

what changes did the DSM-3 bring? (5)

A
  • diagnostic criteria (both inclusionary & exclusionary)
  • introduction of multiaxial system
  • focus on reliability
  • dropped offensive terms like neurosis
  • introduced more complete descriptions
60
Q

what changes did the DSM-5 bring? (4)

A
  • OCD & PTSD split off from anxiety disorders into their own sections
  • BiPD got its own section separate from depressive disorders
  • Gambling disorder moved to substance-related & addictive disorders section
  • Sexual disorders split into sexual dysfunctions, gender dysphoria, & paraphilic disorders
61
Q

validity

A

systematic meaning or importance, “hits the target”

62
Q

reliability

A

concerned with consistency

63
Q

what is reliability measured with?

A

kappa, accounting for agreement that occurs by chance

64
Q

what is labeling theory?

A

a theory concerned with the social context in which deviant behavior concerns, and assumes that mental illness is a social role, or a self-fulfilling prophecy after the person is labeled

65
Q

labeling theory emphasizes __ deviance rather than __ deviance?

A

secondary (long-term), primary (short-term)

66
Q

labeling theory assumes that deviance will be __ if ignored

A

transient (short lived)

67
Q

what is an example of a projective test?

A

Rorschach inkblots

68
Q

what are diagnostic interviews?

A

structured interviews that are supposed to improve the reliability of diagnoses

69
Q

what are the limits of diagnostic interviews?

A
  • limited self-knowledge
  • lying to get a particular result (ex: NASA interviews)
70
Q

2 types of mental health questionnaires

A
  • broad questionnaires
  • specific questionnaires
71
Q

known to others, known to self

A

self & peer reports should be similar

72
Q

known to others, not known to self

A

peer report has unique advantange

73
Q

not known to others, known to self

A

self report has unique advantage

74
Q

not known to others, not known to self

A

unique/varying results

75
Q

benefits of observational procedures (2)

A
  • allow/encourage clinician to focus on the context where problems occur
  • especially useful for childhood problems (ex: ADHD)
76
Q

disadvantages of observational procedures (3)

A
  • expensive & time consuming
  • subject can change behavior based on observation
  • some forms of psychopathology cannot be observed directly
77
Q

4 domains of IQ tests

A
  • verbal comprehension
  • perceptual reasoning
  • working memory
  • processing speed6
78
Q

what does NCS-R stand for?

A

national comorbidity survey replication

79
Q

what does the NCS-R study?

A

psychiatric mental disorders & their correlations in households across the US

80
Q

what is the most prevalent disorder across the lifetime of US citizens?

A

major depression

81
Q

what is the 2nd most prevalent disorder across the lifetime of US citizens?

A

alcohol abuse

82
Q

what is the 3rd prevalent disorder across the lifetime of US citizens?

A

drug abuse

83
Q

what are the top 5 most prevalent disorders across the lifetimes of US citizens?

A

major depression, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, PTSD, & panic disorder

84
Q

what are the top 5 least prevalent disorders across the lifetimes of US citizens?

A

bipolar disorder, OCD, schizophrenia, bulimia, & anorexia

85
Q

what form the basic building blocks of the brain?

A

neurons

86
Q

what are the 4 major parts of the neuron?

A

soma (cell body), dendrites, axon, & axon terminal

87
Q

synapse

A

small gap filled with fluid that separates axon terminals from other axon terminals

88
Q

reuptake/reabsorption

A

some neurotransmitters are captured in the synapse and have their chemical substances returned to the axon terminal

89
Q

dualism definition

A

the (misguided) idea that the mind & body are somehow separable

90
Q

hindbrain

A

regulates basic bodily functions, few forms of abnormal behavior are linked with hindbrain disturbances

91
Q

midbrain

A

involved in the control of some motor controls (especially related to fighting & sex); traumas/disturbances to midbrain can cause issues w/ sexual behavior, aggressiveness & sleep

92
Q

forebrain

A

site of most sensory, emotional, & cognitive processes

93
Q

limbic system

A

contains several structures that regulate emotional & learning

94
Q

amygdala

A

part of the emotional system increasingly thought to be involved in emotional disorders

95
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls basic biological urges (eating, drinking, sexual activity)

96
Q

frontal lobe (4)

A

involved in movement, speech, reasoning & aspects of emotion

97
Q

temporal lobe (5)

A

processes sound & smell, regulates emotions, & is involved in aspects of learning, memory, & language

98
Q

4 lobes of the cortex

A

frontal, occipital, parietal, & temporal

99
Q

psychophysiology

A

study of changes in the functioning of the body resulting from psychological experiences

100
Q

endocrine system

A

collection of glands through the body, produce psychophysiological responses (tears, blushing, heart-pounding, etc) by releasing hormones

101
Q

automatic nervous system

A

regulates functions of various body organs & actions that occur with little to no conscious control

102
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical twins

103
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins

104
Q

twin studies

A

help provide strong evidence about genetic & environmental contributions

105
Q

MMPI (3)

A
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  • Most widely used psychological test
  • Patients are scored on 10 clinical scales & 4 validity scales
106
Q

validity scales

A

examine the patient’s attitude towards the test & attempts to lie about results (higher result = less valid/trustworthy results)

107
Q

clinical scales

A

relate to the disorders diagnosed by the test (depression, hysteria, etc)

108
Q

DSM-5 field trials

A
  • designed to test reliability of DSM-5 as diagnostic material
  • followed a test-retest design
  • patients were interviewed by a clinician who independently diagnosed them, and then were interviewed by a 2nd clinician who used the DSM-5 to diagnose them

psyc 2351 (3 decks)

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