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Health Care Research > Test 1 Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Test 1 Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is the process of specifying and refining abstract concepts into concrete terms?
A

Conceptualization

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2
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is usually conducted when relatively little is known about the phenomenon under study?
A

Exploratory research

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3
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is a statistical system of classifying any inpatient stay into groups for the purposes of payment, or classification system that divides possible diagnoses into more than 20 major body systems and subdivides them into almost 500 groups for the purpose of Medicare reimbursement?
A

Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

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4
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is conducted to explain some phenomenon?
A

Descriptive research

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5
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what has three possible names and seeks answers to research hypotheses or problems?
A

Explanatory research or analytic or causal research

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6
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what entails decision making at various levels, ranging from health services facilities to state legislation?
A

Policy

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7
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is health care for the aged; a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over?
A

Medicare

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8
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is health care for the needy; a federally and state-funded program?
A

Medicaid

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9
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is a name representing a collection of apparently related phenomena and serves the purposes of filing and communicating?
A

Term

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10
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is a specifiable aspect of a concept?
A

Dimension

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11
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what serves as the working definition for the project and captures the major dimensions as agreed upon by the scientific community and reflected in the literature?
A

Nominal definition

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12
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what specifies a unique method of observation, where it indicates what specific variables are to be observed, how they are to be observed and how these variables are to be interpreted?
A

Operational definition

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13
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is sometimes called basic or pure research, generally involving testing hypotheses developed from theories that are intellectually interesting to the researcher?
A

Theoretical research

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14
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what focuses on current social problems and generally specifies its purpose through research questions, which may also use hypotheses statements?
A

Applied research

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15
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what kind of statement indicates that if one condition or situation is true, then another will also be true?
A

Conditional statements

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16
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what kind of statement indicates that increases in one variable (x) are associated with increases or decreases in another variable (y)?
A

Continuous statements

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17
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what kind of statement indicates that one variable differs in terms of the categories of another variable?
A

Difference statements

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18
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what kind of statements have the form y= f(x), which means “y is a function of x?”
A

Mathematical statements

19
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is defined as the total societal effort, whether private or public, to provide, organize and finance services that promote the health status of individuals and the community?
A

Health services

20
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what was widely accepted in the 19th century with the rise of bacteriology, where the doctrine of the theory was that for every disease there is a specific cause for which we can look?
A

Germ theory

21
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is perceived differently today from the way it was in the 1800s, where it was seen as a religious, moral issue?
A

Lifestyle theory

22
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what has a much more general approach, where the focus is not so much on infectious diseases as on general health and well-being; not reductionistic?
A

Environmental theory

23
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what measures reflect the needs and outcome of health services for individuals and populations?
A

Health status

24
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what encompasses such life factors as independent functioning, family circumstances, finances, housing and job satisfaction?
A

Quality of life

25
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is defined as the economic consequences of ill health, which refers to both direct and indirect economic costs associated with the use of health care resources and functional restrictions imposed by illness?
A

Burden of illness

26
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what form was developed that has widespread use, and is a multipurpose short-form health survey, reflecting a shifting focus in the field of health services research from measuring physical illness only, to measuring physical, mental, and social well-being?
A

SF-36

27
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what reflects acute and chronic problems involving one or more of the body’s functional systems?
A

Measures of symptoms

28
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what measures are among the most often used as indirect indicators of health; that includes crude death rate, condition-specific death rates, infant mortality, and maternal mortality?
A

Mortality-based

29
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what measures include those measuring the incidence or prevalence of specific diseases?
A

Measures of morbidity

30
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what refers to the number of new cases of a disease in a defined population?
A

Incidence

31
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what refers to the number of existing cases or instances of a given disease in a given population at a designated time?
A

Prevalence

32
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what provides a comprehensive, holistic framework for classifying health and disability?
A

International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)

33
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is often used to measure functional activity limitations of the elderly and the chronically ill, where the focus is on the ability of a person to function independently or with assistance in activities such as bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring into and out of bed or chair, continence, and eating?
A

Activities of daily living (ADL)

34
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what requires a refiner level of motor coordination than is necessary for the relatively gross activities covered in ADL scales?
A

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)

35
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what includes psychophysiologic symptoms and psychological symptoms; such as low energy, headaches and upset stomach?
A

Mental health symptoms

36
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what measures of psychological state; that is, self-reports of the frequency and intensity of psychological distress, anxiety, depression, and psychological well-being?
A

Self-Assessed Psychological State

37
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what are measures of social well-being that extend beyond the individual to include the quantity and quality of social contacts and resources across distinct areas of life, including family, work, and community?
A

Social Health Measures

38
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what symptoms may be linked to health-related limitations in the performance of the usual social role activities, including employment, schoolwork, and housework?
A

Symptoms of social health

39
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what includes two distinct categories of concepts, social contacts and social resources?
A

Social well-being

40
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what refers to the frequency of social activities a person undertakes within a specified time period, such as visits with family members, friends, and relatives, and participation in social events?
A

Social contacts

41
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what refers to the adequacy of interpersonal relationships and the extent that social contacts can be relied upon for support?
A

Social resources

42
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is defined as events external to the individual over which one has little or no control; whereas it provides the context of health services provision, which consists of physical and social dimensions?
A

Environment

43
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what is an important social measure and a strong and consistent predictor of health status that includes income, education and occupational status?
A

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

44
Q
  1. In chapter 2, what kinds of risk factors include cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of exercise, unsafe driving, and poor dietary habits that are increasingly predictive of higher risk for certain diseases and mortality?
A

Behavioral Risk Factors

Health Care Research (4 decks)

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