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BIO 150 > Test 1 - Ch's 1,2,3 > Flashcards

Test 1 - Ch's 1,2,3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define: prokaryotic

A

before nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Define: eukaryotic

A

has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

Define: bioremediation

A

using microbes to clean up pollution

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4
Q

Define: emerging disease

A

new diseases or ones that were once rare but are now becoming more common

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5
Q

Define: nomenclature

A

the science of naming; all living things are given a universal scientific name

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6
Q

Which of the three domains of life contain organisms with peptidoglycan in the cell walls?

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

Tell which domain has prokaryotic organisms, are mostly unicellular, have DNA or RNA, and have peptidoglycan in cell walls.

A

Domain Bacteria

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8
Q

Which domain has eukaryotes, is uni- or multicellular, and producers or consumers

A

Eukarya

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9
Q

Domain that is usually unicellular organisms, prokaryotic, DNA, lives in extreme environments, and has cell walls

A

Archae

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10
Q

Why are viruses not considered living things?

A

They cannot reproduce sexually nor asexually.

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11
Q

Why are prions not considered living things?

A

Cannot reproduce and made entirely of proteins, no DNA or RNA.

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12
Q

How would you format a binomial nomenclature?

A

Genus first, capitalized; second word specific epithet, lowercase; either typed in italics or underlined by hand

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13
Q

Define: dehydration synthesis

A

The creation of large molecules by removal of water

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14
Q

What characterizes the tertiary level of protein structure?

A

Globular and fibrous 3D shapes

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15
Q

Define: changing a protein’s shape to make it nonfunctional

A

Denaturation

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16
Q

Which of the following is not digestible by animals?

starch, chitin, glycogen, protein

A

Chitin

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17
Q

Which one is NOT a macromolecule?

polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, nucleotides, carbohydrate, nucleic acids, and starch

A

nucleotides

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18
Q

Define: the breakdown of large molecules by the enzymatic addition of water

A

hydrolysis

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19
Q

Define: monomers

A

smaller units, that when brought together compose a macromolecule

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20
Q

What is the ratio of C to H to O in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1 - C:H:O

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21
Q

What structure do plants store their excess carbohydrates?

A

Starch

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22
Q

What molecule is used to energy by animals (polysaccharide?)

A

Glycogen

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23
Q

Which one of these five molecules would be the least digested by humans?

A

oil, starch, protein, cellulose, sugar

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24
Q

Name the four macromolecule of life and their monomers

A

Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
Proteins - amino acids
Nucleic Acids - nucleotides
Lipids - fatty acids and glycerol

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25
Q

What is the name for the type of bond between amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

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26
Q

Describe the secondary structure of proteins

A

both helical and sheetlike

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27
Q

How many levels of protein structure are there?

A

4

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28
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of protein structure and give an example

A

More than one amino acid chain is present in the protein; hemoglobin has four separate chains, all in their tertiary structures

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29
Q

What is the word used to describe the different ways the two strands of DNA interact?

A

Antiparallel

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30
Q

How are human ribosomes different from bacterial ribosomes?

A

Human ribosomes are bigger

Compare: 70S v 80S

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31
Q

What structures in bacterial cells contain extrachromosomal DNA and how does it help the cell survive

A

Plasmids; able to exchange with other cells to spread genetic material, which allow them to spread the genes to resist antibiotics

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32
Q

Define: glycocalyx; tell 2 functions

A

gel like layer around the bacterial cell; capsule is it is gelatinous; slime layer if it is diffuse and irregular;
helps bact avoid the immune syst and form biofilms (mass of bact coating a surface, ex: plaque on teeth)

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33
Q

Type of pili used for attachment to surfaces

A

fimbriae

34
Q

Define: term used by bact to sense and respond to chemical signals

A

chemotaxis

35
Q

Define: bact moving in response to light

A

photoaxis

36
Q

Define: bact moving in response to O2 concentration

A

aerotaxis

37
Q

Define: basal body

A

Part of the flagella that attaches to the cell membrane

38
Q

Define: proton motive force

A

Separation of charge across a membrane

39
Q

Give an example of when bact use proton motive force

A

pump waste molecules out of the cell - antiporter and effilux

40
Q

Define: process used to make endospores

A

sporulation

41
Q

Name a genus of bact that is capable of making endospores

A

Bacillus

42
Q

What types of transport require transport proteins?

A

Active transport and facilitated diffusion

43
Q

Which type of transport requires energy from the cell?

A

Active transport

44
Q

Why is active transport the only type to require energy form the cell

A

Because it moves molecules against their concentration gradient

45
Q

What characteristic do both Gram + & Gram - bact have in common?

A

Cell wall has peptidoglycan

46
Q

What are characteristics of the cell walls of bact that are Gram +

A

cell wall is thick, contains teichoic and leipoteichoic acids

47
Q

What are characteristics of the cell walls of bact that are Gram -

A

call wall is thin and has LPS, lipopolysaccharide bilayer

48
Q

Who was the first person to see a microorganism?

A

Robert Hooke

49
Q

What is Antony van Leeuwenhoek known for?

A

First to see bacteria, under a ground glass lens

50
Q

What is spontaneous Generation?

A

Idea that microbes could spontaneously appear

51
Q

Who were the two scientists that proved Spontaneous Generation was not true

A

Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall

52
Q

What are the three nonliving agents that cause disease?

A

Viruses, prions, and viroids

53
Q

Which of the three nonliving agents are not known to cause human disease, but plant?

A

Viroids

54
Q

What does Anthrax do?

A

When endospores are inhaled, germinate in the lungs and cause pneumonia

55
Q

Describe kingdom Plantae

A
  • not microscopic
  • multicellular
  • producers thru photosynthesis
56
Q

Describe kingdom Animalia

A
  • mostly not microscopic, but does have microscopic worms
  • multicellular
  • consumers
57
Q

Describe kingdom Protista

A
  • considered microbes
  • mostly unicellular
  • some producers - “algae”
  • some consumers - “protozoa”
58
Q

Describe kingdom Fungi

A
  • some microbes, but not all
  • multicellular
  • decomposers, consumers - feed off of dead and decaying matter
59
Q

Describe how prions cause disease

A

When the abnormal protein find the normal version, it causes the normal version to change shape (rmmbr denaturation), making it abnormal as well
* This is NOT reproduction, this is conversion

60
Q

What are the most abundant elements in living things?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

61
Q

Define: atomic #

A

proton #

62
Q

Define: mass #/ atomic weight

A

Proton + neutrons

63
Q

Don’t forget the bonds bitch

A

ionic, nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, hydrogen

64
Q

pH scale

A

1-14
7 neutral
Under 7 acidic
Over 7 basic

65
Q 
Match them:
Acidic
Basic
OH-
H+
A

Acids have more H+ ions

Bases have more OH- ions

66
Q

What are buffers?

A

Molecules that resists changes in pH, keeping it constant, but not necessarily neutral

67
Q

Define: carbohydrate molecules that have more than one monomer, and give another name

A

Oligosaccharides, but disaccharides is more common bc it means 2 monomers
ex: sucrose and lactose

68
Q

Differentiate between starch and cellulose

A

Cellulose is very similar in structure to starch, buy is not used for energy storage, rather reinforces and gives structure to plants, found in their cell walls.

69
Q

Function of Glycogen

A

Glycogen is an energy storage polysaccharide in animals because it is easily broken down by adding water, which is important to be able to convert to glucose and put back into the bloodstream to stabilize blood sugar

70
Q

Characteristics and functions of chitin

A

Chitin is a polysaccharide that canNOT be broken down by hydrolysis. Found in the cell walls of fungi, are not digestible by humans, like cellulose. Also found in the exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters, etc.

71
Q

Polysaccharides can perform one of two functions. What are these two function?

A

Structure and energy storage.

72
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double stranded molecule in double helix; backbone consists of alternating sugar molecules (deoxyribose) and a phosphate group; the steps to the ladder-like structure are nitrogenous bases: Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine

73
Q

Characteristics of lipids

A
  • fats and oils
  • function: either energy storage or structural component
  • hydrophobic
  • two groups: simple and compound
74
Q

Types of simple lipids

A

Saturated, unsaturated, and trans

  • sat: Full of hydrogen, only single bonds btwn carbons, solid at room temp (BAD FOR YOU)
  • uns: not full of hydrogen, double bonds btwn carbons, liquid at room temp
  • trans: solid at room temp even though it is unsaturated; opposite configuration (a compound occurs on opposite sides of the chain of C)
75
Q

Three cells shapes

A
  • coccus, circular
  • bacillus, rod
  • spirillium, spiral
76
Q

Define: osmosis

A

Water moves with its concentration gradient

77
Q

Three types of tonicities

A

Isotonic - equal amounts of solutes in 2 liquids
Hypertonic - one fluid has less solute than the other
Hypotonic - one fluid has more solute than the other

78
Q

What would happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution and why?

A

swell because the cell would have a larger solute concentration, and a smaller water concentration

79
Q

What would happen to a cell in a hypertonic solution and why?

A

shrink bc the cell would have a smaller solute concentration, and a larger water concentration

80
Q

What is the name of the model to describe the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

81
Q

what should you also look at to study for this test?

A

learning objectives you stayed up all night to finish

BIO 150 (4 decks)

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