Test 1 Ch 5. Motor Control Theories

Question 1

Motor control theory

Answer 1

describes and explains how nervous system works to produce coordinated movements in a variety of environments

Question 2

Use of Theories

Answer 2

bases of support

• able to make effective skill instruction
• and appropriate practice design
• assessment of skills
• measurement of skills

Question 3

coordination

Answer 3

patterning of body, head, and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events

• movement pattern
• context of environment

Question 4

degrees of freedom problem

Answer 4

how many combinations does the brain have to use to make a movement

• # of independent elements in a system / ways each element can act
• how to control the degree of freedom to make a complex movement

Question 5

motor program-based theory

Answer 5

MEMORY based mechanism that controls coordinated specific movement

Question 6

Dynamic pattern theory

Answer 6

addresses to fact that people will REACT to environment and the mechanical properties in the body

• react naturally
• forces in environment cause body to make reaction

Question 7

schema theory

Answer 7

memory based mechanism

• class of actions we know and remember
• but can adapt to new actions
• flexible qualities of human movement
  
  • ex: distance from center field to home plate, how hard you have to throw it to reach home plate

Question 8

invariant factors

Answer 8

signatures of a generalized motor program

- doesn’t change from one performance to another

Question 9

parameters

Answer 9

can be varied from one performance of a skill to another

- (speed)

Question 10

generalized motor program

Answer 10

set of motor commands pre-structured at the executive level
- defines the essential details of a skilled action
- ex: throwing a ball
- cross-lateral pattern
- object always gripped
- object always propelled away from the
body

Question 11

Rapid movement

Answer 11

organize entire action

-no reliance on feedback

Question 12

specification identified

Answer 12

muscles needed and sequence of movement

- amount, timing, sequence, duration of counteractions

Question 13

movement script

Answer 13

details of movement

Question 14

postural adjustment

Answer 14

activation of stabilizers

- balance

Question 15

response selection error

Answer 15

error occurs in the stimulus identification stage

- didn’t understand the distance to the plate

Question 16

response execution error

Answer 16

occurs in the behavioral response or output stage

- just threw the ball too hard

Question 17

open loop system

Answer 17

dosen’t use feedback during the movement

• control center provides all the info for effectors to carry out the movement
• ex: throwing a dart at a dart board

Question 18

closed loop system

Answer 18

uses feedback

- control center issues info to effectors sufficient only to initiate movement

Question 19

(schmidts schema theory)

2 control components

Answer 19

• generalized motor program

- motor response theory

Question 20

motor response theory

Answer 20

provides parameters to the GMP

Question 21

nonlinear behavior

Answer 21

• behavioral changes are not always continuous
• linear progressions, but often make sudden and abrupt changes
• behavior specified by environment

Question 22

stability

Answer 22

behavioral steady state of a system

- remains in steady state despite perturbation

Question 23

attractors

Answer 23

a stable state of the motor control system that leads to behavior according to preferred coordination
- Ex: walking

Question 24

Order parameters

Answer 24

functionally specific variables
define the overall behavior of a system
- enable a coordinated pattern of movement to be reproduced and distinguished from other patterns

Question 25

control parameters

Answer 25

a variable, if changed in any way will influence stability
provide:
 - movement frequency 
 - force
 - speed
- body adapts and returns to stability

Question 26

self organization

Answer 26

human motor system capability of adjusting itself spontaneously

• when certain conditions characterize a situation, a specific pattern of limb movement emerges
• ex. go from walking to jogging

Question 27

problem with dynamic system theory

Answer 27

no plausible explanation of rapid skills with out a cyclical pattern
- taks and environment must me considered

Question 28

problem with motor program theory

Answer 28

experience and retrieval could be an issue