Test 1 Ch 5. Motor Control Theories Flashcards
Motor control theory
describes and explains how nervous system works to produce coordinated movements in a variety of environments
Use of Theories
bases of support
- able to make effective skill instruction
- and appropriate practice design
- assessment of skills
- measurement of skills
coordination
patterning of body, head, and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events
- movement pattern
- context of environment
degrees of freedom problem
how many combinations does the brain have to use to make a movement
- # of independent elements in a system / ways each element can act
- how to control the degree of freedom to make a complex movement
motor program-based theory
MEMORY based mechanism that controls coordinated specific movement
Dynamic pattern theory
addresses to fact that people will REACT to environment and the mechanical properties in the body
- react naturally
- forces in environment cause body to make reaction
schema theory
memory based mechanism
- class of actions we know and remember
- but can adapt to new actions
- flexible qualities of human movement
- ex: distance from center field to home plate, how hard you have to throw it to reach home plate
invariant factors
signatures of a generalized motor program
- doesn’t change from one performance to another
parameters
can be varied from one performance of a skill to another
- (speed)
generalized motor program
set of motor commands pre-structured at the executive level
- defines the essential details of a skilled action
- ex: throwing a ball
- cross-lateral pattern
- object always gripped
- object always propelled away from the
body
Rapid movement
organize entire action
-no reliance on feedback
specification identified
muscles needed and sequence of movement
- amount, timing, sequence, duration of counteractions
movement script
details of movement
postural adjustment
activation of stabilizers
- balance
response selection error
error occurs in the stimulus identification stage
- didn’t understand the distance to the plate
response execution error
occurs in the behavioral response or output stage
- just threw the ball too hard
open loop system
dosen’t use feedback during the movement
- control center provides all the info for effectors to carry out the movement
- ex: throwing a dart at a dart board
closed loop system
uses feedback
- control center issues info to effectors sufficient only to initiate movement
(schmidts schema theory)
2 control components
- generalized motor program
- motor response theory
motor response theory
provides parameters to the GMP
nonlinear behavior
- behavioral changes are not always continuous
- linear progressions, but often make sudden and abrupt changes
- behavior specified by environment
stability
behavioral steady state of a system
- remains in steady state despite perturbation
attractors
a stable state of the motor control system that leads to behavior according to preferred coordination
- Ex: walking
Order parameters
functionally specific variables
define the overall behavior of a system
- enable a coordinated pattern of movement to be reproduced and distinguished from other patterns
control parameters
a variable, if changed in any way will influence stability provide: - movement frequency - force - speed - body adapts and returns to stability
self organization
human motor system capability of adjusting itself spontaneously
- when certain conditions characterize a situation, a specific pattern of limb movement emerges
- ex. go from walking to jogging
problem with dynamic system theory
no plausible explanation of rapid skills with out a cyclical pattern
- taks and environment must me considered
problem with motor program theory
experience and retrieval could be an issue
