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A&P 1 > Test 1 - Ch. 2 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Test 1 - Ch. 2 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

matter

what is weight?

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

weight is mass + the effects of gravity

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2
Q

3 states of matter

A

solid - definite shape and volume
liquid - changeable shape w definite volume
gas - changeable shape and volume

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3
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work or put matter into motion

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4
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in action

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5
Q

potential energy

A

stored (inactive) energy

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6
Q

chemical energy

A

stored in bonds of chemical substance

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7
Q

electrical energy

A

results from movement of charged particles

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8
Q

mechanical energy

A

directly involved in moving matter

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9
Q

radiant/electromagnetic energy

A

travels in waves (heat or light energy)

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10
Q

energy conversion

A

energy can be changed from one form to another
however inefficient because some energy is lot as say heat

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11
Q

elements

A

substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

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12
Q

what four elements make up 96% of body

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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13
Q

molecule

A

general term for 2 or more atoms bonded together

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14
Q

compound

A

specific molecule that has 2 or more DIFF kinds of atoms bonded

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15
Q

mixtures

A

two or more components that are physically intermixed

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16
Q

solutions

A

homogeneous mixtures where particles are evenly distributed throughout

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17
Q

solvent and solute

A

solvent - substance in greatest amount (usually liquid ex. water)
solute - substance disolved in solvent

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18
Q

3 concentrations of solutions

A
  1. percent of solute in total solution (10 parts salt 90 parts water)
  2. milligrams per deciliter mg/dl
  3. molarity (number of moles of solute per liter of solvent)
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19
Q

colloids

A

aka emulsions are heterogeneous mixtures, meaning that particles are not evenly distributed
- can see large particles but do NOT settle out
ex. jello

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20
Q

suspensions

A

heterogeneous mixtures that contain large, visible solutes that do settle out
ex. water and sand, or blood

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21
Q

ionic bond

A

the transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another resulting in ions

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22
Q

ions (anion and cation)

A

ions - atoms that have gained or lost electrons and become charged

anion - negative charge
cation - positive charge

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23
Q

covalent bond

A

formed by sharing 2 or more valence shell electrons between 2 atoms

share 2 - single bond share 4 - double bond share 6 - triple bond

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24
Q

nonpolar and polar covalent bonds

A

nonpolar - equal sharing of electrons between atoms (electrically balanced)
polar - unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms (electrically polar)

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25
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom
- not true bond, more of weak magnetic attraction

26
Q

chemical reaction

A

occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken

27
Q

reactants and products of chemical reactions

A

reactants - substances entering into reaction together

product - resulting chemical end products

28
Q

synthesis reactions

A

combination reactions involving atoms or molecules combining to form larger more complex molecule

anabolic (building process)

29
Q

decomposition reactions

A

involve the breakdown of a molecule into smaller molecules

catabolic (bond breaking)

30
Q

exchange reactions

A

also called displacement reactions, involve both synthesis and decomposition, bonds made and broken

31
Q

in living systems, exchange reactions are also known as…

A

reduction - oxidation reactions or redox reactions
- atoms are reduced when they gain electrons and oxidized when they lose electrons

32
Q

exergonic reactions

A

result in a release of energy (give off energy)
products have less potential energy than reactants
ex. catabolic and oxidative reactions

33
Q

endergonic reactions

A

result in a net absorption of energy (use energy)
products have more potential energy than reactants
ex. anabolic reactions

34
Q

how can the rate of chemical reactions be affected

A

temp - increased temps increased rate
concentration of reactants - increased concentration increased rate
particle size - smaller particles increased rate
catalysts

35
Q

catalysts

A

increased rate of reaction w/o being chemically changed or becoming part of the product

36
Q

enzyms

A

biological catalysts

37
Q

inorganic compound

A

compound that does not contain carbon
ex. water, salts, many acids and bases

38
Q

organic compound

A

compound containing carbon, usually large and covalently bonded
ex. carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

39
Q

water - biochem

A

the most abundant inorganic compound
60 to 80% of the volume of living cells

40
Q

salts

A

ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water (into cations and anions)

41
Q

electrolytes

A

ions that can conduct electrical currents in solution

42
Q

acids

A

proton donors, RELEASE hydrogen ions, bare protons (have no electrons) in solution
important acid - hydrochloric acid (HCl)

43
Q

bases

A

proton acceptors, PICK UP hydrogen ions, releases a hydroxyl ion
important base - ammonia (NH3)

44
Q

pH scale

A

measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. more hydrogen ions more acidic

acids: 0 - 6.99
neutrals: 7 (equal number of H+ and OH- ions)
bases: 7.01 - 14

45
Q

neutralization reaction

A

acids and bases are mixed together - displacement reaction occurs, forming water and salt

46
Q

buffers

A

resist abrupt and large swings in pH and can covert strong acids or bases into weak ones
- can release hydrogen ions if pH rises
- can bind hydrogen ions if pH falls

47
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars and starches containing C, H, and O
-monosaccharides
-disaccharides
-polysaccharides

48
Q

monosaccharides

A

the monomers of carbohydrates - simple sugars containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms -
ex. glucose and deoxyribose

49
Q

disaccharides

A

double sugars formed by dehydration synthesis of 2 monosaccharides - too large to pass through cell membrane
ex. sucrose and lactose

50
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of monosaccharides - formed by dehydration synthesis of many monomers - not soluble
ex. starch and glycogen

51
Q

lipids

A

contain C, H, O, (but less than in carbohydrates) and sometimes P - insoluble in water

52
Q

triglycerides

A

lipid that is called a fat when slid and oil when liquid - composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis
main functions - energy storage, insulation, and protection

53
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

can compose triglycerides - all carbons are linked via single covalent bonds, resulting in a molecule with the max amount of H atoms it can hold (saturated)

create linear molecules which can pack closely together forming a solid ex. butter

54
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

can compose triglycerides - one or more carbons are linked via double bonds. resulting in reduced H atoms (unsaturated)

double bonds cause kink in the fatty acid so they cannot pack together closely resulting in liquid form at room temp ex. olive oil

55
Q

trans fats

A

modified unsaturated fatty oils that resemble structure of saturated fats and considered unhealthy

omega 3 fatty acids - “heart healthy”

56
Q

phospholipids

A

modified triglycerides - glycerol and 2 fatty acids plus a phosphorus containing group - head and tail regions have diff properties
- head is polar - hydrophilic (likes water)
- tail is nonpolar - hydrophobic (hates water)
important in cell membrane structure

57
Q

steroids

A

consist of 4 interlocking ring structures - starting material for synthesis of vit D, steriod hormones, and bile salts
- important in cell plasma membrane structure
- most important steroid is cholesterol which is made in the liver and found in animal products

58
Q

proteins

A

comprise of 20 to 30 % of call mass and has most functions of any molecule (structure, chemical - enzymes, contraction - muscles)
contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S + P - polymers of amino acid monomers held together by peptide bonds

59
Q

protein denaturation

A

globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3D shape - can be caused by increased acidity or increased temp and usually reversible, however in changes are extreme it can be irreversible

60
Q

nucleic acids

A

composed of C, H, O, N, and P and are the largest molecule in the body - nucleic acid polymers are made up of monomers called nucleotides which are composed of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
ex. DNA and RNA

61
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate - chemical energy released when glucose is broken down is captured in ATP - directly powers chem reactions in cells (offers immediate useable energy)
structure - adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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