Test 1 - Ch. 2 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards
matter
what is weight?
anything that has mass and occupies space
weight is mass + the effects of gravity
3 states of matter
solid - definite shape and volume
liquid - changeable shape w definite volume
gas - changeable shape and volume
energy
the capacity to do work or put matter into motion
kinetic energy
energy in action
potential energy
stored (inactive) energy
chemical energy
stored in bonds of chemical substance
electrical energy
results from movement of charged particles
mechanical energy
directly involved in moving matter
radiant/electromagnetic energy
travels in waves (heat or light energy)
energy conversion
energy can be changed from one form to another
however inefficient because some energy is lot as say heat
elements
substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
what four elements make up 96% of body
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
molecule
general term for 2 or more atoms bonded together
compound
specific molecule that has 2 or more DIFF kinds of atoms bonded
mixtures
two or more components that are physically intermixed
solutions
homogeneous mixtures where particles are evenly distributed throughout
solvent and solute
solvent - substance in greatest amount (usually liquid ex. water)
solute - substance disolved in solvent
3 concentrations of solutions
- percent of solute in total solution (10 parts salt 90 parts water)
- milligrams per deciliter mg/dl
- molarity (number of moles of solute per liter of solvent)
colloids
aka emulsions are heterogeneous mixtures, meaning that particles are not evenly distributed
- can see large particles but do NOT settle out
ex. jello
suspensions
heterogeneous mixtures that contain large, visible solutes that do settle out
ex. water and sand, or blood
ionic bond
the transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another resulting in ions
ions (anion and cation)
ions - atoms that have gained or lost electrons and become charged
anion - negative charge
cation - positive charge
covalent bond
formed by sharing 2 or more valence shell electrons between 2 atoms
share 2 - single bond share 4 - double bond share 6 - triple bond
nonpolar and polar covalent bonds
nonpolar - equal sharing of electrons between atoms (electrically balanced)
polar - unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms (electrically polar)
hydrogen bonds
attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom
- not true bond, more of weak magnetic attraction
chemical reaction
occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
reactants and products of chemical reactions
reactants - substances entering into reaction together
product - resulting chemical end products
synthesis reactions
combination reactions involving atoms or molecules combining to form larger more complex molecule
anabolic (building process)
decomposition reactions
involve the breakdown of a molecule into smaller molecules
catabolic (bond breaking)
exchange reactions
also called displacement reactions, involve both synthesis and decomposition, bonds made and broken
in living systems, exchange reactions are also known as…
reduction - oxidation reactions or redox reactions
- atoms are reduced when they gain electrons and oxidized when they lose electrons
exergonic reactions
result in a release of energy (give off energy)
products have less potential energy than reactants
ex. catabolic and oxidative reactions
endergonic reactions
result in a net absorption of energy (use energy)
products have more potential energy than reactants
ex. anabolic reactions
how can the rate of chemical reactions be affected
temp - increased temps increased rate
concentration of reactants - increased concentration increased rate
particle size - smaller particles increased rate
catalysts
catalysts
increased rate of reaction w/o being chemically changed or becoming part of the product
enzyms
biological catalysts
inorganic compound
compound that does not contain carbon
ex. water, salts, many acids and bases
organic compound
compound containing carbon, usually large and covalently bonded
ex. carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
water - biochem
the most abundant inorganic compound
60 to 80% of the volume of living cells
salts
ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water (into cations and anions)
electrolytes
ions that can conduct electrical currents in solution
acids
proton donors, RELEASE hydrogen ions, bare protons (have no electrons) in solution
important acid - hydrochloric acid (HCl)
bases
proton acceptors, PICK UP hydrogen ions, releases a hydroxyl ion
important base - ammonia (NH3)
pH scale
measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. more hydrogen ions more acidic
acids: 0 - 6.99
neutrals: 7 (equal number of H+ and OH- ions)
bases: 7.01 - 14
neutralization reaction
acids and bases are mixed together - displacement reaction occurs, forming water and salt
buffers
resist abrupt and large swings in pH and can covert strong acids or bases into weak ones
- can release hydrogen ions if pH rises
- can bind hydrogen ions if pH falls
carbohydrates
sugars and starches containing C, H, and O
-monosaccharides
-disaccharides
-polysaccharides
monosaccharides
the monomers of carbohydrates - simple sugars containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms -
ex. glucose and deoxyribose
disaccharides
double sugars formed by dehydration synthesis of 2 monosaccharides - too large to pass through cell membrane
ex. sucrose and lactose
polysaccharides
polymers of monosaccharides - formed by dehydration synthesis of many monomers - not soluble
ex. starch and glycogen
lipids
contain C, H, O, (but less than in carbohydrates) and sometimes P - insoluble in water
triglycerides
lipid that is called a fat when slid and oil when liquid - composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis
main functions - energy storage, insulation, and protection
saturated fatty acids
can compose triglycerides - all carbons are linked via single covalent bonds, resulting in a molecule with the max amount of H atoms it can hold (saturated)
create linear molecules which can pack closely together forming a solid ex. butter
unsaturated fatty acids
can compose triglycerides - one or more carbons are linked via double bonds. resulting in reduced H atoms (unsaturated)
double bonds cause kink in the fatty acid so they cannot pack together closely resulting in liquid form at room temp ex. olive oil
trans fats
modified unsaturated fatty oils that resemble structure of saturated fats and considered unhealthy
omega 3 fatty acids - “heart healthy”
phospholipids
modified triglycerides - glycerol and 2 fatty acids plus a phosphorus containing group - head and tail regions have diff properties
- head is polar - hydrophilic (likes water)
- tail is nonpolar - hydrophobic (hates water)
important in cell membrane structure
steroids
consist of 4 interlocking ring structures - starting material for synthesis of vit D, steriod hormones, and bile salts
- important in cell plasma membrane structure
- most important steroid is cholesterol which is made in the liver and found in animal products
proteins
comprise of 20 to 30 % of call mass and has most functions of any molecule (structure, chemical - enzymes, contraction - muscles)
contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S + P - polymers of amino acid monomers held together by peptide bonds
protein denaturation
globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3D shape - can be caused by increased acidity or increased temp and usually reversible, however in changes are extreme it can be irreversible
nucleic acids
composed of C, H, O, N, and P and are the largest molecule in the body - nucleic acid polymers are made up of monomers called nucleotides which are composed of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
ex. DNA and RNA
ATP
adenosine triphosphate - chemical energy released when glucose is broken down is captured in ATP - directly powers chem reactions in cells (offers immediate useable energy)
structure - adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups
