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A&P 1 > Test 1 - Ch. 1 - Organization of the body > Flashcards

Test 1 - Ch. 1 - Organization of the body Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of the function of the structures of the human body

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3
Q

macroscopic anatomy

A

study of large visible structures
ex: arms and legs, regional, systemic, surface

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4
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

study of structures too small to see w the naked eye
ex: cytology, histology

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5
Q

developmental anatomy

A

study of anatomical and physiological development throughout life

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6
Q

meaning anatomy and physiology always go together

A

the principle of complementarity of structure and function

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7
Q

maintaining boundaries

A

separation between internal and external environments
ex: skin separates organism from environment

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8
Q

movement

A

muscular system allows movement

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9
Q

contractility

A

movement at the cellular level

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10
Q

responsiveness

A

sense and respond to stimuli
ex: withdrawal reflex, control of breathing as effort changes

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11
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of foodstuffs and absorption of simple molecules into blood

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12
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that occur in body cells

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13
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of molecules

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14
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of molecules

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15
Q

excretion

A

removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

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16
Q

reproduction

A

division of cells at the cellular level and production of offspring at the organismal level

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17
Q

growth

A

increase in size of a body part or an organism

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18
Q

multicellular

A

humans are made up of many cells so cells must be kept alive

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19
Q

body systems

A

integumentary - external body covering, hair skin and nails, receptors and glands

skeletal - protects and supports organs, provides framework muscles use to cause movement

muscular - manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, posture, heat source

nervous - responds to internal and external changes, activates muscles and glands

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20
Q

all necessary life functions

A

maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth

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21
Q

all 5 survival needs

A

nutrients, oxygen, water, body temp, atmospheric pressure

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22
Q

nutrients

A

chemicals for energy and cell building
ex: carbs - source of energy
proteins - cell building and chemistry
fats - long term energy storage

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23
Q

oxygen

A

essential for release of energy from foods, can only survive few mins w/o

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24
Q

water

A

most abundant, needed for chem reactions, needed for secretions and excretions

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25
Q

body temp

A

if body temp falls below or rises above 37 C rates of chem reactions affected

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26
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

specific pressure of air needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange

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27
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

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28
Q

homeostatic control and variables

A

body must constantly monitor and regulate to maintain homeostasis

variables are factors that can change ex. blood sugar, body temp

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29
Q

receptor

A

responds to stimuli (things that change in the environment) - monitors environment

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30
Q

control center

A

determines set point at which variable is maintained - receives input and decides response

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31
Q

effector

A

receives output from control center and provides means to respond - reduces or enhances stimuli

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32
Q

neg feedback loop

A

reduces or shuts off original stimuli - variable changes in opp. direction of initial change
ex. regulating body temp

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33
Q

pos feedback loop

A

exaggerates original stimulus - amplifying effect
ex. labor contractions

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34
Q

structural organization

A

chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

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35
Q

anatomical position

A

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward w thumbs pointing away from the body

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36
Q

regional term - axial

A

head, neck, trunk

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37
Q

regional term - appendicular

A

limbs (legs and arms)

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38
Q

sagittal plane (midsagittal and parasagittal)

A

divides body vertically into right and left sections
midsagittal - straight down middle
parasagittal - off center

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39
Q

frontal plane

A

divides body vertically into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)

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40
Q

transverse plane

A

through stomach making top and bottom sections (cross sections)

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41
Q

dorsal cavity

A

protects fragile nervous system

cranial cavity - encases brain
vertebral cavity - encases spinal cord

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42
Q

ventral cavity

A

encases internal organs (viscera)
- thoracic cavity
- mediastinum
- pericardial cavity
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity

43
Q

thoracic cavity

A

two pleural cavities each surrounding one lung

44
Q

mediastinum

A

contains pericardial cavity, other thoracic organs such as esophagus and trachea

45
Q

pericardial cavity

A

encases heart

46
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

47
Q

pelvic cavity

A

contains bladder, reproductive organs, snd rectum

48
Q

serosa

A

thin double layer membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral cavity

49
Q

parietal and visceral serosas

A

parietal - lines internal body cavity walls

visceral - covers internal organs

50
Q

serous fluid

A

fluid secreted by membranes that separate the parietal and visceral serosa

51
Q

heart, lung, and abdominopelvic cavity serosa names

A

heart - pericardium
lungs - pleurae
abdominopelvic - peritoneum

52
Q

abdominopelvic quadrants

A

right upper left upper

right lower left lower

53
Q

nine regions of abdominopelvic cavity

A

right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac

 right lumbar                  umbilical             left lumbar 

   right iliac                   hypogastric             left iliac
54
Q

5 other body cavities exposed to environment

A

oral, digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear

55
Q

body cavity not exposed to environment

A

synovial cavities - joint cavities

56
Q

superior/inferior

A

above/below

57
Q

anterior/posterior

A

front/back

58
Q

medial/lateral

A

toward the midline/away from the midline

59
Q

cephalad/caudal

A

toward the head/toward the tail

60
Q

ventral/dorsal

A

belly side/backside

61
Q

proximal/distal

A

nearer to the trunk/farther from the trunk

62
Q

superficial/deep

A

toward the body surface/away from the body surface or internal

63
Q

abdominal

A

anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs

64
Q

acromial

A

point of the shoulder

65
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

66
Q

antecubital

A

anterior surface of the elbow

67
Q

axillary

A

armpit

68
Q

brachial

A

arm

69
Q

buccal

A

cheek

70
Q

carpal

A

wrist

71
Q

cervical

A

neck

72
Q

coxal

A

hip

73
Q

crural

A

leg

74
Q

digital

A

fingers or toes

75
Q

femoral

A

thigh

76
Q

fibular

A

side of leg

77
Q

hallux

A

great toe

78
Q

inguinal

A

groin

79
Q

mammary

A

breast

80
Q

manus

A

hand

81
Q

nasal

A

nose

82
Q

oral

A

mouth

83
Q

orbital

A

bony eye socket

84
Q

patellar

A

anterior knee (kneecap)

85
Q

pelvic

A

pelvis region

86
Q

pollex

A

thumb

87
Q

pubic

A

genital region

88
Q

sternal

A

region of the breastbone

89
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

90
Q

thoracic

A

chest

91
Q

umbilical

A

naval

92
Q

calcaneal

A

heel of foot

93
Q

cephalic

A

head

94
Q

gluteal

A

bottocks or rump

95
Q

lumbar

A

area of the back between the ribs and hips, the loin

96
Q

occipital

A

posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull

97
Q

olecranal

A

posterior aspect of the elbow

98
Q

otic

A

ear

99
Q

popliteal

A

back of the knee

100
Q

sacral

A

area between the hips

101
Q

scapular

A

scapula or shoulder blade area

102
Q

sural

A

calf or posterior surface of the leg

103
Q

vertebral

A

area of the spinal column

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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