Test 1 - Ch. 1 - Organization of the body Flashcards by Stiles Ramsey

anatomy

study of the structure of the human body

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physiology

study of the function of the structures of the human body

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macroscopic anatomy

study of large visible structures
ex: arms and legs, regional, systemic, surface

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microscopic anatomy

study of structures too small to see w the naked eye
ex: cytology, histology

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developmental anatomy

study of anatomical and physiological development throughout life

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meaning anatomy and physiology always go together

the principle of complementarity of structure and function

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maintaining boundaries

separation between internal and external environments
ex: skin separates organism from environment

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movement

muscular system allows movement

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contractility

movement at the cellular level

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responsiveness

sense and respond to stimuli
ex: withdrawal reflex, control of breathing as effort changes

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digestion

breakdown of foodstuffs and absorption of simple molecules into blood

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metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur in body cells

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catabolism

breakdown of molecules

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anabolism

synthesis of molecules

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excretion

removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

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reproduction

division of cells at the cellular level and production of offspring at the organismal level

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growth

increase in size of a body part or an organism

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multicellular

humans are made up of many cells so cells must be kept alive

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body systems

integumentary - external body covering, hair skin and nails, receptors and glands

skeletal - protects and supports organs, provides framework muscles use to cause movement

muscular - manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, posture, heat source

nervous - responds to internal and external changes, activates muscles and glands

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all necessary life functions

maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth

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all 5 survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, body temp, atmospheric pressure

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nutrients

chemicals for energy and cell building
ex: carbs - source of energy
proteins - cell building and chemistry
fats - long term energy storage

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oxygen

essential for release of energy from foods, can only survive few mins w/o

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water

most abundant, needed for chem reactions, needed for secretions and excretions

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body temp

if body temp falls below or rises above 37 C rates of chem reactions affected

atmospheric pressure

specific pressure of air needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange

homeostasis

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

homeostatic control and variables

body must constantly monitor and regulate to maintain homeostasis variables are factors that can change ex. blood sugar, body temp

receptor

responds to stimuli (things that change in the environment) - monitors environment

control center

determines set point at which variable is maintained - receives input and decides response

effector

receives output from control center and provides means to respond - reduces or enhances stimuli

neg feedback loop

reduces or shuts off original stimuli - variable changes in opp. direction of initial change ex. regulating body temp

pos feedback loop

exaggerates original stimulus - amplifying effect ex. labor contractions

structural organization

chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

anatomical position

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward w thumbs pointing away from the body

regional term - axial

head, neck, trunk

regional term - appendicular

limbs (legs and arms)

sagittal plane (midsagittal and parasagittal)

divides body vertically into right and left sections midsagittal - straight down middle parasagittal - off center

frontal plane

divides body vertically into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)

transverse plane

through stomach making top and bottom sections (cross sections)

dorsal cavity

protects fragile nervous system cranial cavity - encases brain vertebral cavity - encases spinal cord

ventral cavity

encases internal organs (viscera) - thoracic cavity - mediastinum - pericardial cavity - abdominal cavity - pelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

two pleural cavities each surrounding one lung

mediastinum

contains pericardial cavity, other thoracic organs such as esophagus and trachea

pericardial cavity

encases heart

abdominal cavity

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

pelvic cavity

contains bladder, reproductive organs, snd rectum

serosa

thin double layer membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral cavity

parietal and visceral serosas

parietal - lines internal body cavity walls visceral - covers internal organs

serous fluid

fluid secreted by membranes that separate the parietal and visceral serosa

heart, lung, and abdominopelvic cavity serosa names

heart - pericardium lungs - pleurae abdominopelvic - peritoneum

abdominopelvic quadrants

right upper left upper right lower left lower

nine regions of abdominopelvic cavity

right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac right lumbar umbilical left lumbar right iliac hypogastric left iliac

5 other body cavities exposed to environment

oral, digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear

body cavity not exposed to environment

synovial cavities - joint cavities

superior/inferior

above/below

anterior/posterior

front/back

medial/lateral

toward the midline/away from the midline

cephalad/caudal

toward the head/toward the tail

ventral/dorsal

belly side/backside

proximal/distal

nearer to the trunk/farther from the trunk

superficial/deep

toward the body surface/away from the body surface or internal

abdominal

anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs

acromial

point of the shoulder

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

anterior surface of the elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

cervical

neck

coxal

hip

crural

leg

digital

fingers or toes

femoral

thigh

fibular

side of leg

hallux

great toe

inguinal

groin

mammary

breast

manus

hand

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

orbital

bony eye socket

patellar

anterior knee (kneecap)

pelvic

pelvis region

pollex

thumb

pubic

genital region

sternal

region of the breastbone

tarsal

ankle

thoracic

chest

umbilical

naval

calcaneal

heel of foot

cephalic

head

gluteal

bottocks or rump

lumbar

area of the back between the ribs and hips, the loin

occipital

posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull

olecranal

posterior aspect of the elbow

otic

ear

popliteal

back of the knee

sacral

area between the hips

scapular

scapula or shoulder blade area

sural

calf or posterior surface of the leg

vertebral

area of the spinal column