Test 1 - Ch. 1 - Organization of the body Flashcards
anatomy
study of the structure of the human body
physiology
study of the function of the structures of the human body
macroscopic anatomy
study of large visible structures
ex: arms and legs, regional, systemic, surface
microscopic anatomy
study of structures too small to see w the naked eye
ex: cytology, histology
developmental anatomy
study of anatomical and physiological development throughout life
meaning anatomy and physiology always go together
the principle of complementarity of structure and function
maintaining boundaries
separation between internal and external environments
ex: skin separates organism from environment
movement
muscular system allows movement
contractility
movement at the cellular level
responsiveness
sense and respond to stimuli
ex: withdrawal reflex, control of breathing as effort changes
digestion
breakdown of foodstuffs and absorption of simple molecules into blood
metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur in body cells
catabolism
breakdown of molecules
anabolism
synthesis of molecules
excretion
removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
reproduction
division of cells at the cellular level and production of offspring at the organismal level
growth
increase in size of a body part or an organism
multicellular
humans are made up of many cells so cells must be kept alive
body systems
integumentary - external body covering, hair skin and nails, receptors and glands
skeletal - protects and supports organs, provides framework muscles use to cause movement
muscular - manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, posture, heat source
nervous - responds to internal and external changes, activates muscles and glands
all necessary life functions
maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth
all 5 survival needs
nutrients, oxygen, water, body temp, atmospheric pressure
nutrients
chemicals for energy and cell building
ex: carbs - source of energy
proteins - cell building and chemistry
fats - long term energy storage
oxygen
essential for release of energy from foods, can only survive few mins w/o
water
most abundant, needed for chem reactions, needed for secretions and excretions
body temp
if body temp falls below or rises above 37 C rates of chem reactions affected
atmospheric pressure
specific pressure of air needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange
homeostasis
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
homeostatic control and variables
body must constantly monitor and regulate to maintain homeostasis
variables are factors that can change ex. blood sugar, body temp
receptor
responds to stimuli (things that change in the environment) - monitors environment
control center
determines set point at which variable is maintained - receives input and decides response
effector
receives output from control center and provides means to respond - reduces or enhances stimuli
neg feedback loop
reduces or shuts off original stimuli - variable changes in opp. direction of initial change
ex. regulating body temp
pos feedback loop
exaggerates original stimulus - amplifying effect
ex. labor contractions
structural organization
chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
anatomical position
body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward w thumbs pointing away from the body
regional term - axial
head, neck, trunk
regional term - appendicular
limbs (legs and arms)
sagittal plane (midsagittal and parasagittal)
divides body vertically into right and left sections
midsagittal - straight down middle
parasagittal - off center
frontal plane
divides body vertically into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)
transverse plane
through stomach making top and bottom sections (cross sections)
dorsal cavity
protects fragile nervous system
cranial cavity - encases brain
vertebral cavity - encases spinal cord
ventral cavity
encases internal organs (viscera)
- thoracic cavity
- mediastinum
- pericardial cavity
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
two pleural cavities each surrounding one lung
mediastinum
contains pericardial cavity, other thoracic organs such as esophagus and trachea
pericardial cavity
encases heart
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
pelvic cavity
contains bladder, reproductive organs, snd rectum
serosa
thin double layer membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral cavity
parietal and visceral serosas
parietal - lines internal body cavity walls
visceral - covers internal organs
serous fluid
fluid secreted by membranes that separate the parietal and visceral serosa
heart, lung, and abdominopelvic cavity serosa names
heart - pericardium
lungs - pleurae
abdominopelvic - peritoneum
abdominopelvic quadrants
right upper left upper
right lower left lower
nine regions of abdominopelvic cavity
right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac
right lumbar umbilical left lumbar right iliac hypogastric left iliac
5 other body cavities exposed to environment
oral, digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear
body cavity not exposed to environment
synovial cavities - joint cavities
superior/inferior
above/below
anterior/posterior
front/back
medial/lateral
toward the midline/away from the midline
cephalad/caudal
toward the head/toward the tail
ventral/dorsal
belly side/backside
proximal/distal
nearer to the trunk/farther from the trunk
superficial/deep
toward the body surface/away from the body surface or internal
abdominal
anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
acromial
point of the shoulder
antebrachial
forearm
antecubital
anterior surface of the elbow
axillary
armpit
brachial
arm
buccal
cheek
carpal
wrist
cervical
neck
coxal
hip
crural
leg
digital
fingers or toes
femoral
thigh
fibular
side of leg
hallux
great toe
inguinal
groin
mammary
breast
manus
hand
nasal
nose
oral
mouth
orbital
bony eye socket
patellar
anterior knee (kneecap)
pelvic
pelvis region
pollex
thumb
pubic
genital region
sternal
region of the breastbone
tarsal
ankle
thoracic
chest
umbilical
naval
calcaneal
heel of foot
cephalic
head
gluteal
bottocks or rump
lumbar
area of the back between the ribs and hips, the loin
occipital
posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
olecranal
posterior aspect of the elbow
otic
ear
popliteal
back of the knee
sacral
area between the hips
scapular
scapula or shoulder blade area
sural
calf or posterior surface of the leg
vertebral
area of the spinal column
