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Biology 2 > Test 1- Cells > Flashcards

Test 1- Cells Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the external structure that connects plant cells to each other called?

A

Primary cell wall

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1
Q

What is the external structure that connects animal cells to each other called?

A

Extra cellular matrix

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2
Q

How do adjacent animal cells connect?

A

Tight junctions (stitches) and desmosomes (rivots)

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3
Q

How do adjacent plant cells connect?

A

Middle lamella

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4
Q

How do adjacent animal cells communicate?

A

Gap junctions

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5
Q

How do adjacent plant cells communicate?

A

Plasmodesmata

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6
Q

What are the two types of cell signals and what are their steps?

A

Lipid-soluble signals (diffuse through membrane, bind to receptor, direct transport to DNA) ; lipid-insoluble signals (signal reception, processing, amplification, transduction, response, deactivation)

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Brownies movement along a gradient

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8
Q

What diffuses through membrane?

A

Things that the cell needs constantly like h2o and O2 , but also most small uncharged polar molecules

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9
Q

What is it called when the concentration of water solution is higher inside of cell?

A

HYPERTONIC

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10
Q

What is it called when the concentration of water solution is lower inside of cell?

A

Hypotonic.

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11
Q

What’s it called if the concentration of water solution is equal both inside and outside of cell?

A

Isotonic

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12
Q

What is used in facilitated transport?

A

Protein channels such as aquaporins (completely impermeable to charged species) and ion channels

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13
Q

When is active transport used?

A

When u need to move stuff against gradients. It requires energy, often achieved by breaking apart an ATP molecule (atpase)

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14
Q

What a lysosome?

A

Vesicle with digestive enzymes (lytic enzymes)

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15
Q

What is ERgic?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of vesicles and their basic functions?

A

Clathrin-coated : uptake of extracellular molecules arrive trough endocytosis and also transport trans Golgi-> lysosomes
Cop1: buds from ergic or Golgi and works along retrieval (backwards) pathways, carrying back escaped proteins and returning
Cop2: from Er to Golgi along secretary pathway

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17
Q

What endocytosis?

A

Cell taking in stuff like nutrients by enveloping it in membranes
Also note phagocytosis-> taking things in to destroy wih help from lysosomes

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18
Q

What exocytosis?

A

Throwing stuff out of cell by fusing vesicle and plasma membrane
Note pinocytosis w/ liquids

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of protein and also their sub categories?

A 
Fibrous protein (structural purposes) 
Globular proteins (enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural protein like membranes)
Conjugated proteins (globular proteins that possess no living substances like the haem iron I haemoglobin
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20
Q

5 classes of amino acids:

A 
No polar (hydrophobic)
Polar (hydrophilic)
Charged
Aromatic
Special function
21
Q

Protein structure?

A

Primary : codon orders
Secondary: peptide interactions
Tertiary: folded shape of pp. chain
Quaternary: interactions pp. subunits

22
Q

What is the first type of cell signalling and how does it work?

A
  1. Contact dependent: cells need to literally touch each other in membrane-membrane contact. The signal may be sent through exocytosis and is then passed through either gap junctions or plasmodesmata.
23
Q

What is the second type of cell signalling?

A
  1. Paracrine signalling. It is short-distance signalling for only the local environment and the cells with the specific receptors. The signal itself is secreted via exocytosis by some cell.
24
Q

What is the third type of cell signalling?

A
  1. Synaptic signalling. It takes place in the nervous system, with oftentimes synaptic cells and muscle cells that sit really close together and the slim space in between is called the synapse. The signal, called a neurotransmitter, is often in the form of an ion.
25
Q

What is the fourth type of cell signalling?

A
  1. Endocrine signalling. It takes place in the endocrine system (gland that secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood). It is the slowest of cell signalling and may take min-hours.
26
Q

What is the cell that sends out a signal called?

A

Mediator cell

27
Q

what happens when a cell signal reaches a receptor?

A

Binding of signal molecules causes a conformational change in the receptor, which then triggers the subsequent signaling cascade.

28
Q

what channels does channel-linked receptors operate at?

A

ligand-gated ion channels

29
Q

why are second messengers in g-protein linked receptions effective?

A

because they are small, diffuse rapidly and are produced in large quantities. like an amplification.

30
Q

Enzyme linked receptors are used especially in which cell signaling?

A

Endocrine signalling because signal is very specific

31
Q

what specifically is an enzyme linked receptor?

A

receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

32
Q

what is a dimer?

A

a molecule or molecular complex consisting of two identical molecules linked together.

33
Q

what is to phosphorylate?

A

to activate a protein by giving it a phosphate.

34
Q

What is a protein that goes through a plasma membrane called?

A

Transmembrane protein

35
Q

What is the secretory pathway?

A

It is also called the ‘default pathway’ since it is the way vesicles are transported if no other sorting signals are present

36
Q

Another name for anabolism?

Also what is it?

A

Constructive metabolism, the synthesis of molecules

37
Q

Another name for catabolism and what is it?

A

Destructive metabolism, the breakdown of molecules

38
Q

What enzymes participate in breaking lipid bonds, hydrolysis and phosphorylation?

A

Lipase , hydrolase , ATPase

39
Q

Enzyme inhibition?

A

Slowing down enzyme action , usually a natural process as a means of turning enzymes off when necessary. It is usually reversible, however drugs and alcohol can cause permanent inhibition.

40
Q

Competitive enzyme inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibitors confuse enzymes by being both molecularly and structurally similar but it cannot actually participate in rxn. They bind at the active site and takes the place of substrates

41
Q

Non-competitive inhibition?

A

The non competitive inhibitors bind with the enzyme away from the active site but causes conformational changes in the whole tertiary structure of the enzyme. This takes the enzyme temporarily if of action ; lowers enzyme concentration

42
Q

Irreversible inhibition?

A

Inhibitors bind permanently to enzymes, rendering them useless. Organisms seldom produce these for their own use but they are splendid weapons against other organisms

43
Q

General formula of monosaccharide?

A

C n H 2n O n

44
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of sugars used for short-term energy storage Starch in plants Glycogen in animals
Also used for structural support, Cellulose in plants Chitin in animals

45
Q

What are telomeres there to protect against?

A

Genomic instability , the risk of messing up dna replication

46
Q

Hayflick limit three phases?

A
  1. Early life (things are normal)
  2. Luxuriant growth (cells profilerate , replicate and grow loads)
  3. Senescence (cell retirement)
    If a phase 3 cell misses the opportunity of apoptosis, it might retort to runaway division and become a tumour.
47
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread of cancer cells from original tumour to other tissues

48
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

The growth of blood vessels to support tumour

49
Q

What does the IGF-1 gene do?

A

It directs calorie intake to growth at the expense of maintenance-> you live shorter
Cell maintenance are enzymes that check that DNA replication is done correctly

Biology 2 (3 decks)

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