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AP Biology 1st semester > Test 1- Biochemistry > Flashcards

Test 1- Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which of the 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

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2
Q

Why is each element unique and different from other elements with respect to its chemical properties?

A

Each element has a unique number of protons

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3
Q

Knowing just atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following?

A

The number of protons plus neutrons in the element

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4
Q

In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same?

A

They have the same number of electrons in their valance shell

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5
Q

Molybdenum has an atomic number 42. Several common isotopes exist, with mass numbers of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. Therefore, what to the following can be true?

A

Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 50 neutrons

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6
Q

Carbon 12 is the most common isotope of carbon, and has a mass number of 12. However, the atomic mass of carbon is slightly more than 12 Daltons. Why?

A

Some carbon atoms in nature have more neutrons

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7
Q

An atom has six electrons in its outer shell. How many unpaired electrons does it have?

A

2

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8
Q

The atomic number of neon is 10. Therefore, which the following is most correct about an atom of neon?

A

It has 8 electrons in its outer electron shell and it is inert

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9
Q

If a salamander relied on hydrogen bonds to cling to surfaces, what type of surfaces would cause the most problems for this animal?

A

A surface made with carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded together

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10
Q

A covalent chemical bond is one in which

A

Outershell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms

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11
Q

Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements is correct about the atoms ammonia (NH3)?

A

Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge, the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge

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12
Q

When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds

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13
Q

What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?

A

A polar covalent bond

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14
Q

A single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen and by

A

Polar covalent bonds

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15
Q

The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

A

A hydrogen bond

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16
Q

The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because

A

The Electrons shared between oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atoms nucleus then around the hydrogen atoms nucleus

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17
Q

Water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with

A

Compounds that have polar covalent bonds

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18
Q

Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water?

A

A water Strider can walk across the surface of a small pond

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19
Q

Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

A strong acid like HCl

A

Ionizers completely in a aqueous solution

21
Q

Which of the following ionizes completely in solution and is considered to be a strong base (alkali)?

A

NaOH

22
Q

One L of a solution of pH 9 has how many more hydroxyl ions (OH-) than 1 L of a solution of pH 4?

A

100,000 times more

23
Q

Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule depicted here is most likely

A

Positively charged

24
Q

The element present in all organic molecules is

A

Carbon

25
Q

The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to

A

The chemical versatility of carbon atoms

26
Q

The Carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

A

Covalent

27
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird

A

They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants, they were processed into sugars through photosynthesis, and they are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide

28
Q

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

A

The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon hydrogen linkages

29
Q

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

A

Carboxyl and Amino

30
Q

Three or four of the following illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic compounds with molecular formula C6H14. For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached carbons have been omitted. Which one, if any, is not a structural isomer of this compound?

A

Answer C
c-c=c-c
I I
c c

31
Q

O
R-C
O-H

What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure above?

A

Carboxyl

32
Q

Humans and mice differ because

A

their cells have some differences in the sequence of nucleotides in their nucleic acids

33
Q

Which of these classes of biological molecules consist of both small molecules and macromolecular polymers?

A

Carbohydrates

34
Q

Which of the following is not a polymer?

A

Glucose

35
Q

What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which the cells make polymers from monomers?

A

Dehydration reactions

36
Q

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?

A

10

37
Q

Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen?

A

Chitin

38
Q

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

A

C18H32O16

39
Q

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H1204 is probably a

A

Carbohydrate

40
Q

All the following are polysaccharides except

A

Lactose

41
Q

Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?

A

They areboth polymers of glucose

42
Q

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires

A

The release of a water molecule

43
Q

There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?

A

Different sidechains (R groups) attached to an a carbon

44
Q

Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?

A

99

45
Q

What aspects of protein structure are stabilized or assisted by hydrogen bonds?

A

Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not primary structure

46
Q

Which level of protein structure do the a helix and the B pleated sheet represent?

A

Secondary

47
Q

Which class of biological polymer has the greatest functional variety?

A

Proteins

48
Q

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?

A

Carbohydrate

49
Q

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption on hydrogen bonding is the

A

Primary level

AP Biology 1st semester (4 decks)

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