Test 1 Flashcards
Atropine
ANT of ACH blocks, muscarinic (metabotropic) receptors
-Dialted pupils
-
Astrocytes (3)
structural and chemical support, regulates extracellular fluid and provides nutrients to neurons
- structure, hold neurons together, supply nutrients, regulate fluid
Neuropeptides
synthesized in soma, large protein molecule travels down axon in vesicles containing the enzyme needed to make the NP, slow process,
endorphins, opiates, and CRF
Classical NT
synthesized in the terminals of axons
Neuromodulators (3)
naturally occurring substances, not restricted to SC, diffuses through ECF
ACH (3)
First NT, memory and muscle, found in brain and PNS
Ionotropic (4)
4-5 subunits, spots for NT binding, contains ion channel, happens rapidly,
-has binding sites for hormones & NT
-
Metobotrpic (4)
1 subunit, 2nd messenger, no ion channel, happens slower
- Chain reaction, that’s why it happens slower
- 1-7 units
Steroid (2)
smaller cholesterol and targets receptors in the nucleolus
Gasses
NO and CO, not stored or released in vesicles, diffues thru cells and out of cells made
Botox
ANT of ACH stops its release from vesicle
black widow spider venmo does opposite
-comes from a toxin released by the bacteria “boncholonon”
Curaure
ANT of ACH, binds to and block nictotanic receptor site
tyrosine
Monoamines (2)
-Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinehprine,
all use second messenger systems, MAO and COMT break down the NT in the synaptic cleft
-made in terminal buttons
-broken down by COMPT
Phenothiazine
DA receptor blockers, direct ANT
Serotonin AG (4)
LSD (receptor), MAO inhibiter:inhibits enzyme that breaks down serotonin, SSRI’s, MDMA (reuptake backwards)
GABA AG (3)
Ethanol, diazapm, barbituates
Huntington’s
involuntary movements, depression, and mental deteriotion
caused by death of GABA neurons in the basal ganglia
- Ex: flailing arms
Glutamate
MSG
Naloxone
Direct ANT of opiate receptors
- Blocks opiate receptors to prevent drug OD
- Pushes opiates out of the way and takes over theior receptor site
Lipids
THC, CB receptor activation reduces NT release
anandamide- natural cannabis
CB1 ANT
Rimonbant-Blocks CB1 receptors and AM1172- inhibits reuptake anadmine
Nucleosides
Sugar based molecules, adenosine-inhibitory and is a neuromodulator caffine blocks the receptor
Ephedrine
planet derived drug, sympthatic activation, mimic of adrenal, used to treat asthma
sympathomimetic (4)
- drugs that mimic the effect of the Sympathetic Nervous System, they are stimulants, amphetamine and cocaine, increase NE and DA and E in the PNS
- Ex: Anphetamine, methyphidiate, Tetrahydrozline (Visine)
PNS (3)
spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and automatic nervous system
Spinal Nervous
31 pairs L and R side of the spine,
Cranial Nervous (4)
exit from the underside of the brain, does not go thru spinal cord, carry motor commands from CNS, connect directly to the ventral surface of the brain
Vagus Nerve (2)
largest, carries efferent (away from CNS) fibers of the Parasym
ANS (3)
controls activity of muscles and glands, promotes homeostasis, is involuntary
Preganglionic neurons (2)
located in cranial nerve nucleus or grey matter on the spinal cord, synapses with the postgang neurons
Postganglionic neurons
synapse directly with target organ,
sympathetic ganglion
are nodules that contain synapes between pre and post neurons
Sympathetic division (3)
energy mobilizer, origin in thoracic, short pre and long post, releases ACH in ganglion and NE in at target
Para division (3)
energy conservation, long pre and short post, releases ACH at ganglion and target
Exocytosis (2)
.is the secretion of a substance by a cell through means of vesicles
is the process by which neurotransmitters are released
ion channel
different types are arranged over the cell membrane in a non-uniform pattern
gated
Ion channels that can change their properties
Lipids (3)
Anandimide, Endocannabinoid and THC all CB1 receptor AG
Somatic Division
one neuron, no pre or post ganglionic neurons, spinal cord to target
ganglia
cluster of cell bodies
sympathic chain
line of ganglia for S
-chain of symoathetic ganglia, parallel to spinal cord
difference between S and Para (2)
S starts in middle and has sympathic chain along side the spinal cord
Para starts on top and bottom and synapses next to target organ
Parkin (2)
Tags abnormal protien to be destroyed
does not work in people with parksinson
Adrenal Gland (3)
activated by the pituray gland
releases E and NE into PNS
Hormonal part of SA
-
Sympathic activation (2)
body releases there is a stress
then releases neuronal and hormonal responses
Huntington’s (3)
Loss of GABA cells
degeneration of Basal Ganglia
involuntary movements, depression, mental retardation
NE pathway
locus coeruleus
Tryptophan
Serotonin precursor
Parkinson’s (2)
lewy body of alpha-synculin
degenration of NS
-Loss of dopamine
-Clusters of a-synuclein protein in the cytoplasma
Spinal nerves (D and ventral)
dorsal is sensory and venrtal is motor
adenylate cyclase
effecter enzyme
cAMP (cyclic AMP)
second messenger
Second Messenger System
hits ligand first-metabatropic receptors become activated–G proteins activated –activates the effector enzymes to turn on the 2csd messenger—turns on protein kinase
Ligand
Anything that effect the receptor (a molecule that has a binding site) hormone, neurotrasnmitter etc
True or False: Most drugs are ligands but there are precursaors to that (like tyrosine)
True
Glial Cells
- cells in the CNS that support other cells
- Astrocytes
- Microgrilia
- Oligadencrcytes
Microglia
Immune cells, perform phagacytosis,
Oligadenccytes
Form the myelin sheath, 1 can myelnate a few neurons.
Schwann Cells
- Myelinates neurons in the PNS
- Can regenerate in the PNS
- 1 per neuron,
Parkinsons
-Degeneration of nigrostriatal system
-lewy bodies
-Caused by mutation of genes (parkin & mitanuclean)
-
MPTP
- A chemical that kills dopamine cells
- Can give an animal parkinson’s symptoms
- Used for testing purposes on parkinson’s in animals
L-Dopa
Precursor to dopamine
-Give to Parkinson’s patients to add Dopamine neurons
Parkison’s Treatments
- Brain legion of Basal ganglia
- Deep brain stimulation of Basal ganglia
- Cannabis
- Gene therapy; Uses GABA producing neurons
- Stem cell Tissue transplants (takin from substantia niagra implanted to the Basal Ganglia, not effective)
Phenodisinate (Drug)
- Used to treat schizophrenia
- Lowers dopamine
- Lower positive symptoms of schizophrenia/but can give you symptoms of parkinson’s
Glutamate
- Amino acid
- Msg, major excitatory NT
- Turns thing ons
3 GABA Agonists
- Things that make you relaxed
- Ethanol (alcohol)
- diazapan (Xans)
- Barbituates (Horse tranquilzers)
Necluocide
- It’s own Non classical group
- Made out of sugar
- Adenozine (Inhibitatory NT that caffeine inhibits)
- Sugar based molecules
LIPIDS
- Fats
- Drug—THC: activates CB1 receptors
- Endogenous opiate—-Anadimide: activates CB1 receptors
- Steroids: a type of lipid
Steroids
- Target inside the nuclus
- A type of lipid, Fat soluble,
- can go into the membrane & activate something in the nucleus
- Made from cholestoral
- Anti inflammatory (for pneumonia etc)
PNS
-3 parts (autonomic, spinal nerves, cranial nerves)
-
2 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
- Glutamate (excitatory)
- GABA(Inhibitatory)
4 Drugs that increase serotonin (Serotonin Agonist)
LSD (receptor), MAO enzyme that clears synaptic cleft: inhibits enzyme that breaks down serotonin, SSRI’s, MDMA (reuptake backwards)
P
-Doesn’t penetrate blood brain barrier
-
Antagonisty of CB1 receptor
Rimbonant blocks
Agonist of of CB1 receptor
THC, AM1172, Andamide
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic + Autonomic Nervous System
ANS
Parasympathic + Sympathetic
Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic
-Sympathetic: fight or flight, short pre, long post
-
5 stages of HD
- Preclinical- mild sp, mood problems
- Early stage- thinking becomes difficult, more depressed and anxious, slight tremors
- Middle stage- diffculting walking and maintaining balance, slurring speech, need help
- Late stage- hard sleeping, can’t eat, need breathing tube, can’t speak
- End of life- bed ridden
Enkephalin
Natural opiate produced in body
- Similar structure to Morphine
- Made in the body
Substrantia Nigra
- Dead dopamine cells that died off from parkinsons show Black
- Made of neurons etc
- Dopamanargistic system
alpha protein
- Abnormal protein
- Cause issues in the body
Lewy Body
-Made from abnormal a-synuclei
-Abnormal cluster of proteins that causes death of cells
-Located in the niagra striatum for parkinson’s
-
Brady kinesia
Present in all patient with parkinson’s
- Slow Rx time
- Decreased spontaneous movement
- Masked face (reduction in facial expressiveness)
- Rigidity (stiff muscle tone)/ Posture instability
Gait Disorder
- Co-occuring condition
- Lack of arm swing
- Dragging of one leg
- Small shuffling steps
Dysarthia
- Co-occurring condition
- Speech disorder, no pro
Parkinson’s Symptoms
- Dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)
- Drooling/ Swallowing difficulty
- Postural instability
- Muscular rigidity
- Resting tremors
Peripheral Nervous System
-Made of
and Parasympathetic
-Connects to
Sympathetic
- Activates under stress, spend energy
- Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic
- Activates under relaxed state, Save energy
- Rest & Digest
Automatic Nervous System
- Combined of spinal & cranial nerves
- Promotes homeostatesis
- Controls muscles
- Regulates heartrate, breathing, blood pressure, energy exertion (glucose)
- Made of 2 branches (sympathethic/parasymoathetic)
Spinal nerves
- 31 pairs that exit on L and R
- Covered by dura matter, Arachnoid, subarachnoid
Spinal nerves
- 31 pairs that exit on L and R
- Covered by dura matter, Arachnoid, subarachnoid
- Can be either somatic,parasympathetic, sympathetic
Dorsal stream/root ganglion
-Sensory nerves
Ventral stream/ Root Ganglion
-Motor nerves
Vagus nerve
-part of the para
-largest cranial nerve
-controls stomach, heart and other internal organs
-
Somatic nervous system
part of ANS
controls voluntary movements of muscles and sensor info(touch)
Somatic nervous system
part of ANS
controls voluntary movements of muscles and sensor info(touch)
only has one neuron (no pre or post ganglia)
Spindle
-Stretch receptor in the
Pre-ganglionic neurons
- Attached to Sspinal cord
- Releases AcH
- In the parasympathetic, its short then long
- neruons of the ANS, lo
- located in a cranial nerve nucleus or spinal gray matter
Sympathetic Ganglia
-the synapses between pre and postganglionic neuorns of the sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic Pre/Post ganlglia
- Preganglionic releases AcH, short (Located on the spine )
- Postganglionic, releases NE,E,Adrenaline , long (located directed on the target organ)
Sympathetic Pre/Post ganlglia
- Preganglionic releases AcH, short (Located on the spine ), sympathetic branch
- Postganglionic, releases NE,E,Adrenaline , long (located directed on the target organ), Parasympathetic branch
Sympathetic Chain
- The chain of ganglia on the spinal cord “the bumps” on the spinal cord
- First neuron releases AcH
- Second neuron releases Adrenaline
Sympathetic Neurons are short because
-They process a lot of information at once
Parasympathetic Neurons are long because
-
Hormonal Activation
- Part of parasympathetic activation
- Stress—hypothalamus—pititiutary gland—Adrenal gland stimulation (Releases Adrenaline)
- Hormone signals lasts longer
What 2 drugs increase monoamines in the brain?
- Cocaine & Anphetamine (Adderall)
- They’re active in the CNS b/c they cross the BBB (Blood Brain Barrier)
What drugs don’t get into the brain easy?
-NE/ Adrenaline
Pseudopherdrine
Ephindrine: plant derived drug
-used to trat asthma
Ephedrine
- Mimics epinephrine
- Derived from Ma Huang plant
- used to treatt asthma
- Nasal descongestive/bronchia dialtor
- Works the same way as adrenaline, o
- Constricts nose, Smaller blood vessels, more room to breath
- Sympathetic activation
Sympathetic Activation
-Constricts blood vessels/ Opens up airways
Symptoms:
Parasympathetic Activation
- Closes airways
- AcH in pre and post
- Function: Rest & Digest, Blood vessels dialted, dialted arteries
Ephedra
-Found in energy drinks OTC
Deprenyl
MAO inhibter to treat parkinsons
