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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Atropine

A

ANT of ACH blocks, muscarinic (metabotropic) receptors
-Dialted pupils
-

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2
Q

Astrocytes (3)

A

structural and chemical support, regulates extracellular fluid and provides nutrients to neurons
- structure, hold neurons together, supply nutrients, regulate fluid

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3
Q

Neuropeptides

A

synthesized in soma, large protein molecule travels down axon in vesicles containing the enzyme needed to make the NP, slow process,
endorphins, opiates, and CRF

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4
Q

Classical NT

A

synthesized in the terminals of axons

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5
Q

Neuromodulators (3)

A

naturally occurring substances, not restricted to SC, diffuses through ECF

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6
Q

ACH (3)

A

First NT, memory and muscle, found in brain and PNS

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7
Q

Ionotropic (4)

A

4-5 subunits, spots for NT binding, contains ion channel, happens rapidly,
-has binding sites for hormones & NT
-

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8
Q

Metobotrpic (4)

A

1 subunit, 2nd messenger, no ion channel, happens slower

  • Chain reaction, that’s why it happens slower
  • 1-7 units
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9
Q

Steroid (2)

A

smaller cholesterol and targets receptors in the nucleolus

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10
Q

Gasses

A

NO and CO, not stored or released in vesicles, diffues thru cells and out of cells made

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11
Q

Botox

A

ANT of ACH stops its release from vesicle
black widow spider venmo does opposite
-comes from a toxin released by the bacteria “boncholonon”

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12
Q

Curaure

A

ANT of ACH, binds to and block nictotanic receptor site

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13
Q

tyrosine

A
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14
Q

Monoamines (2)

A

-Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinehprine,
all use second messenger systems, MAO and COMT break down the NT in the synaptic cleft
-made in terminal buttons
-broken down by COMPT

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15
Q

Phenothiazine

A

DA receptor blockers, direct ANT

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16
Q

Serotonin AG (4)

A

LSD (receptor), MAO inhibiter:inhibits enzyme that breaks down serotonin, SSRI’s, MDMA (reuptake backwards)

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17
Q

GABA AG (3)

A

Ethanol, diazapm, barbituates

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18
Q

Huntington’s

A

involuntary movements, depression, and mental deteriotion
caused by death of GABA neurons in the basal ganglia
- Ex: flailing arms

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19
Q

Glutamate

A

MSG

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20
Q

Naloxone

A

Direct ANT of opiate receptors

  • Blocks opiate receptors to prevent drug OD
  • Pushes opiates out of the way and takes over theior receptor site
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21
Q

Lipids

A

THC, CB receptor activation reduces NT release

anandamide- natural cannabis

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22
Q

CB1 ANT

A

Rimonbant-Blocks CB1 receptors and AM1172- inhibits reuptake anadmine

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23
Q

Nucleosides

A

Sugar based molecules, adenosine-inhibitory and is a neuromodulator caffine blocks the receptor

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24
Q

Ephedrine

A

planet derived drug, sympthatic activation, mimic of adrenal, used to treat asthma

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25
Q

sympathomimetic (4)

A
  • drugs that mimic the effect of the Sympathetic Nervous System, they are stimulants, amphetamine and cocaine, increase NE and DA and E in the PNS
  • Ex: Anphetamine, methyphidiate, Tetrahydrozline (Visine)
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26
Q

PNS (3)

A

spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and automatic nervous system

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27
Q

Spinal Nervous

A

31 pairs L and R side of the spine,

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28
Q

Cranial Nervous (4)

A

exit from the underside of the brain, does not go thru spinal cord, carry motor commands from CNS, connect directly to the ventral surface of the brain

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29
Q

Vagus Nerve (2)

A

largest, carries efferent (away from CNS) fibers of the Parasym

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30
Q

ANS (3)

A

controls activity of muscles and glands, promotes homeostasis, is involuntary

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31
Q

Preganglionic neurons (2)

A

located in cranial nerve nucleus or grey matter on the spinal cord, synapses with the postgang neurons

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32
Q

Postganglionic neurons

A

synapse directly with target organ,

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33
Q

sympathetic ganglion

A

are nodules that contain synapes between pre and post neurons

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34
Q

Sympathetic division (3)

A

energy mobilizer, origin in thoracic, short pre and long post, releases ACH in ganglion and NE in at target

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35
Q

Para division (3)

A

energy conservation, long pre and short post, releases ACH at ganglion and target

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36
Q

Exocytosis (2)

A

.is the secretion of a substance by a cell through means of vesicles
is the process by which neurotransmitters are released

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37
Q

ion channel

A

different types are arranged over the cell membrane in a non-uniform pattern

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38
Q

gated

A

Ion channels that can change their properties

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39
Q

Lipids (3)

A

Anandimide, Endocannabinoid and THC all CB1 receptor AG

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40
Q

Somatic Division

A

one neuron, no pre or post ganglionic neurons, spinal cord to target

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41
Q

ganglia

A

cluster of cell bodies

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42
Q

sympathic chain

A

line of ganglia for S

-chain of symoathetic ganglia, parallel to spinal cord

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43
Q

difference between S and Para (2)

A

S starts in middle and has sympathic chain along side the spinal cord
Para starts on top and bottom and synapses next to target organ

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44
Q

Parkin (2)

A

Tags abnormal protien to be destroyed

does not work in people with parksinson

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45
Q

Adrenal Gland (3)

A

activated by the pituray gland
releases E and NE into PNS
Hormonal part of SA
-

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46
Q

Sympathic activation (2)

A

body releases there is a stress

then releases neuronal and hormonal responses

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47
Q

Huntington’s (3)

A

Loss of GABA cells
degeneration of Basal Ganglia
involuntary movements, depression, mental retardation

48
Q

NE pathway

A

locus coeruleus

49
Q

Tryptophan

A

Serotonin precursor

50
Q

Parkinson’s (2)

A

lewy body of alpha-synculin
degenration of NS
-Loss of dopamine
-Clusters of a-synuclein protein in the cytoplasma

51
Q

Spinal nerves (D and ventral)

A

dorsal is sensory and venrtal is motor

52
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

effecter enzyme

53
Q

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

A

second messenger

54
Q

Second Messenger System

A

hits ligand first-metabatropic receptors become activated–G proteins activated –activates the effector enzymes to turn on the 2csd messenger—turns on protein kinase

55
Q

Ligand

A

Anything that effect the receptor (a molecule that has a binding site) hormone, neurotrasnmitter etc

56
Q

True or False: Most drugs are ligands but there are precursaors to that (like tyrosine)

A

True

57
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • cells in the CNS that support other cells
  • Astrocytes
  • Microgrilia
  • Oligadencrcytes
58
Q

Microglia

A

Immune cells, perform phagacytosis,

59
Q

Oligadenccytes

A

Form the myelin sheath, 1 can myelnate a few neurons.

60
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • Myelinates neurons in the PNS
  • Can regenerate in the PNS
  • 1 per neuron,
61
Q

Parkinsons

A

-Degeneration of nigrostriatal system
-lewy bodies
-Caused by mutation of genes (parkin & mitanuclean)
-

62
Q

MPTP

A
  • A chemical that kills dopamine cells
  • Can give an animal parkinson’s symptoms
  • Used for testing purposes on parkinson’s in animals
63
Q

L-Dopa

A

Precursor to dopamine

-Give to Parkinson’s patients to add Dopamine neurons

64
Q

Parkison’s Treatments

A
  • Brain legion of Basal ganglia
  • Deep brain stimulation of Basal ganglia
  • Cannabis
  • Gene therapy; Uses GABA producing neurons
  • Stem cell Tissue transplants (takin from substantia niagra implanted to the Basal Ganglia, not effective)
65
Q

Phenodisinate (Drug)

A
  • Used to treat schizophrenia
  • Lowers dopamine
  • Lower positive symptoms of schizophrenia/but can give you symptoms of parkinson’s
66
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Amino acid
  • Msg, major excitatory NT
  • Turns thing ons
67
Q

3 GABA Agonists

A
  • Things that make you relaxed
  • Ethanol (alcohol)
  • diazapan (Xans)
  • Barbituates (Horse tranquilzers)
68
Q

Necluocide

A
  • It’s own Non classical group
  • Made out of sugar
  • Adenozine (Inhibitatory NT that caffeine inhibits)
  • Sugar based molecules
69
Q

LIPIDS

A
  • Fats
  • Drug—THC: activates CB1 receptors
  • Endogenous opiate—-Anadimide: activates CB1 receptors
  • Steroids: a type of lipid
70
Q

Steroids

A
  • Target inside the nuclus
  • A type of lipid, Fat soluble,
  • can go into the membrane & activate something in the nucleus
  • Made from cholestoral
  • Anti inflammatory (for pneumonia etc)
71
Q

PNS

A

-3 parts (autonomic, spinal nerves, cranial nerves)

-

72
Q

2 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

A
  • Glutamate (excitatory)

- GABA(Inhibitatory)

73
Q

4 Drugs that increase serotonin (Serotonin Agonist)

A

LSD (receptor), MAO enzyme that clears synaptic cleft: inhibits enzyme that breaks down serotonin, SSRI’s, MDMA (reuptake backwards)

74
Q

P

A

-Doesn’t penetrate blood brain barrier

-

75
Q

Antagonisty of CB1 receptor

A

Rimbonant blocks

76
Q

Agonist of of CB1 receptor

A

THC, AM1172, Andamide

77
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic + Autonomic Nervous System

78
Q

ANS

A

Parasympathic + Sympathetic

79
Q

Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic

A

-Sympathetic: fight or flight, short pre, long post

-

80
Q

5 stages of HD

A
  1. Preclinical- mild sp, mood problems
  2. Early stage- thinking becomes difficult, more depressed and anxious, slight tremors
  3. Middle stage- diffculting walking and maintaining balance, slurring speech, need help
  4. Late stage- hard sleeping, can’t eat, need breathing tube, can’t speak
  5. End of life- bed ridden
81
Q

Enkephalin

A

Natural opiate produced in body

  • Similar structure to Morphine
  • Made in the body
82
Q

Substrantia Nigra

A
  • Dead dopamine cells that died off from parkinsons show Black
  • Made of neurons etc
  • Dopamanargistic system
83
Q

alpha protein

A
  • Abnormal protein

- Cause issues in the body

84
Q

Lewy Body

A

-Made from abnormal a-synuclei
-Abnormal cluster of proteins that causes death of cells
-Located in the niagra striatum for parkinson’s
-

85
Q

Brady kinesia

A

Present in all patient with parkinson’s

  • Slow Rx time
  • Decreased spontaneous movement
  • Masked face (reduction in facial expressiveness)
  • Rigidity (stiff muscle tone)/ Posture instability
86
Q

Gait Disorder

A
  • Co-occuring condition
  • Lack of arm swing
  • Dragging of one leg
  • Small shuffling steps
87
Q

Dysarthia

A
  • Co-occurring condition

- Speech disorder, no pro

88
Q

Parkinson’s Symptoms

A
  • Dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)
  • Drooling/ Swallowing difficulty
  • Postural instability
  • Muscular rigidity
  • Resting tremors
89
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-Made of

and Parasympathetic
-Connects to

90
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • Activates under stress, spend energy

- Fight or Flight

91
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • Activates under relaxed state, Save energy

- Rest & Digest

92
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A
  • Combined of spinal & cranial nerves
  • Promotes homeostatesis
  • Controls muscles
  • Regulates heartrate, breathing, blood pressure, energy exertion (glucose)
  • Made of 2 branches (sympathethic/parasymoathetic)
93
Q

Spinal nerves

A
  • 31 pairs that exit on L and R

- Covered by dura matter, Arachnoid, subarachnoid

94
Q

Spinal nerves

A
  • 31 pairs that exit on L and R
  • Covered by dura matter, Arachnoid, subarachnoid
  • Can be either somatic,parasympathetic, sympathetic
95
Q

Dorsal stream/root ganglion

A

-Sensory nerves

96
Q

Ventral stream/ Root Ganglion

A

-Motor nerves

97
Q

Vagus nerve

A

-part of the para
-largest cranial nerve
-controls stomach, heart and other internal organs
-

98
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

part of ANS

controls voluntary movements of muscles and sensor info(touch)

99
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

part of ANS
controls voluntary movements of muscles and sensor info(touch)
only has one neuron (no pre or post ganglia)

100
Q

Spindle

A

-Stretch receptor in the

101
Q

Pre-ganglionic neurons

A
  • Attached to Sspinal cord
  • Releases AcH
  • In the parasympathetic, its short then long
  • neruons of the ANS, lo
  • located in a cranial nerve nucleus or spinal gray matter
102
Q

Sympathetic Ganglia

A

-the synapses between pre and postganglionic neuorns of the sympathetic nervous system

103
Q

Sympathetic Pre/Post ganlglia

A
  • Preganglionic releases AcH, short (Located on the spine )

- Postganglionic, releases NE,E,Adrenaline , long (located directed on the target organ)

104
Q

Sympathetic Pre/Post ganlglia

A
  • Preganglionic releases AcH, short (Located on the spine ), sympathetic branch
  • Postganglionic, releases NE,E,Adrenaline , long (located directed on the target organ), Parasympathetic branch
105
Q

Sympathetic Chain

A
  • The chain of ganglia on the spinal cord “the bumps” on the spinal cord
  • First neuron releases AcH
  • Second neuron releases Adrenaline
106
Q

Sympathetic Neurons are short because

A

-They process a lot of information at once

107
Q

Parasympathetic Neurons are long because

A

-

108
Q

Hormonal Activation

A
  • Part of parasympathetic activation
  • Stress—hypothalamus—pititiutary gland—Adrenal gland stimulation (Releases Adrenaline)
  • Hormone signals lasts longer
109
Q

What 2 drugs increase monoamines in the brain?

A
  • Cocaine & Anphetamine (Adderall)

- They’re active in the CNS b/c they cross the BBB (Blood Brain Barrier)

110
Q

What drugs don’t get into the brain easy?

A

-NE/ Adrenaline

111
Q

Pseudopherdrine

A

Ephindrine: plant derived drug

-used to trat asthma

112
Q

Ephedrine

A
  • Mimics epinephrine
  • Derived from Ma Huang plant
  • used to treatt asthma
  • Nasal descongestive/bronchia dialtor
  • Works the same way as adrenaline, o
  • Constricts nose, Smaller blood vessels, more room to breath
  • Sympathetic activation
113
Q

Sympathetic Activation

A

-Constricts blood vessels/ Opens up airways

Symptoms:

114
Q

Parasympathetic Activation

A
  • Closes airways
  • AcH in pre and post
  • Function: Rest & Digest, Blood vessels dialted, dialted arteries
115
Q

Ephedra

A

-Found in energy drinks OTC

116
Q

Deprenyl

A

MAO inhibter to treat parkinsons

psychology (8 decks)

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