psychophram final Flashcards
3 categories of drugs
over the counter/non-prescription
prescription drugs- some of which are controlled substances (more govt oversight)
illegal drugs (all are controlled substances)
what drugs could you get in the mail
morphine and cocaine
patent medicines
ingredients were secret because they were patented
usually poor people who couldn’t afford to go to the doctor
kola nut
sw
pure food and drug act
s
Harrison Narcotic Act 1914
ss
Consequences of HNA
- First time black market for drug trafficking
- first time govt came in between Dr and patient
- non-medical and medical drug classification (moral failing)
- started prescriptions, as record keeping tools, tax and record keeping
* *no intended to be used to prosecute ppl but it started
The marijuana tax act 1937
- mimic of the HNA but for cannbis and its products
- intention was to get rid of the use of weed which was a “threat” to society
- a lot of info about how bad weed was was used for propaganda
- Tax and record but not really used for that and classified weed as narcotics even though it isn’t
- Resulted in a decline of cannabis use during 40s and 50s and those who used weed were seen has deviants (beatniks)
federal bureau of narcotics
- precursor to FBI or DEA
2. reported use of weed was causing rape and violent crimes, suicide but no scientific evidence to support this
what is not regulated in 2021
food supplements
“new patent medicines”
patent medicines
problem from 1800s-1900s
pure food and drug act admitted to shut this down
Comprehensive Drug abuse and prevention control act 1970
- also called controlled substances act
- created a category of drugs called controlled substances
- alcohol, coffee, and nicotine were not on it
- designed to control abuse of drugs that are taken recreationally
- enforced by the DEA and the DOJ
schedules
1 is the most dangerous 5 is the least dangerous
can change state by state ( difference between 1 and 2 is that 2 has medical use)
created under controlled substances act
FDA testing process
Stage 1- investigations new drug stage happens before drug is even brought to the FDA, hw the company has to do (IND)
Stage 1
IND
has to submit evidence that it has threptic effectives in animals and it shows promise for humans
and appears safe for testing on humans
(and it depends on the disease because if it has serious side effects but it can cure cancer that make sense ) balancing act between its effect and its side effects
info included in IND (6)
- range of effective doses
- doses where side effects occur
- figure out the lethal dose
- safety and toxicity with single and long term usage
- this is done in a minimum of 3 different species
- risk/benefit ratio must be determined (formula)
* **secretory of health education and welfare sees this report
stage 2
human testing stage
three phases
1. initial clinical trials, purpose is to establish safety, side effects, and range of doses
2. pharmacological testing, placebo effects and investigator bias tightly controlled to see if the drug is effective (double blind)
3. Extended clinical, drug is distributed widely across the country and everything is documented
stage 3
new drug application
drug sponsor applies to market the drug and sends a report of all information from 1 and 2
post marketing surveillance
has to be scrutinized several times when first come out and then every year have a report about aversive event whole time the drug is marketed
3 decisions FDA makes after stage 3
- approve
- disallow NDA
- Defer decision until more data
Carcinogenicity
can the drug produce cancer, long term
one of the two expensive animal tests
teratogenicity
test whether the drug effects a baby in the fetus
one of the two expensive animal tests
physician’s desk reference
contains 200 pages about all the info about the drug
marketing tool as well
doctors use this to match medications to diseases
**production info section most important
sources of drug info
- american gov’t USP and NF (national formulary)
drug names
most have three or four names
4 types
Proprietary name
brand name/trade name
copyrighted
given by the drug company that made the drug
generic name
assigned by the US adopted name council
you can talk about the drug without endorsing the company that made it
identical to the name in USP and NF
Purpose-general recognition
USP and NF name
same as the generic name unless the drug that has been around for a long time
chemical name
describes the drugs molecular structure
chemically equivalent
two drugs has the same chemically and physically standards
biologically equivalent
two drugs cause a similar concentrations in blood and tissues
Therapeutically equivalent
two drugs provide the equal therapeutic benefits
FDA and equivalents
drugs that are biologically equivalent are assumed to be therapeutically equivalent
bioavailability
drugs can differ in biology and therapeutically because of this
due to manufactory the drug
**primarily a problem for drugs are absorbed poorly
causes of bioavailability differences
shape of crystal
particular size
characteristic of pill due to poor manufactory quality control
what two categories are hallucinogenic drugs put into
- indoleamine-like, looks like serotonin (LSD, psilcbin, DMT)
- phenethylamine-like, looks like NE (amphetamine, mesaclaine, DOM, TMA)
Mesacaline
- from peyote cactus , from north America
Family of drugs that resembles mesacline and amphetamines
methoxylated or substituted amphetamines
substituted amphetamines
are stimulant like at low levels
DOM
- SA
- sold as STP
- 80 times less potent than mescaline
- longer lasting than mescaline (days) hallucinogen
MDMA
- SA
- all based on methamphetamine like
- low levels stimulants, high dose hallucinogen
how is psilocybin converted into the active ingerdient
by an enzyme in the body
teconanácatl
what the indians called it
god’s flesh
foxy methoxy
oral DMT
LSD is based on what synthetic compound
argot alkaliods
clavice purpure
ergot fungus
rye rust
where you find lysergic acid
gangrenous
- one of the types of ergotism
- effects on the boyd- vasoconstriction
- blood flow redution
convulsive
- one of the types ergotism
2. effects on the body hallucinations, dizziness, disorention, convulsions, disturbed sensation
st. anthony;s fire
what they called people who had taken too many egrotism they get ganggreen and their fingers and toes turn black
and a pligrimg to st anthony would cure the disease
Sandoz Pharm
leader in ergot medicines
what drug resembles serotonin
LSD
Hofmann
- synthesized a series of substances based on lysergic acid molecule, but no effects found (but hard to tell in a rodent its effects)
- tried making another version of LSD and felt something when absorbed by skin meaning it was very powerful
- He took 3 times the dose and had an intense experience
What illness did LSD thought to mimic
psychosis and schizophrenia to test anti-psychotic
windowpane
use gel to distribute LSD bc dose is so small
Leary and Alpert
- interested in studying drug experience and how 2.setting (physical environment where you take the drug) and mental set (beliefs about the drug) affect it
- tested it in harvard but started causing a problem because lead to increase in its recreational us “party scene” lead to its popularity
peak use of LSD
1964-1968
the electric Kool aid acid test book
league of spiritual discovery
created by Leary
help people develop spiritually thru the use of LSD, he wanted to get all the LSD available in the world
why did the Gov’t restricted LSD
Not bc of popularity but because of the thalidomide problems
with the rise of FDA in 1962 all drugs were regulated
What caused decline of LSD use (4)
- bad trips
- bad drugs
- stricter law enforcement
- rumors of chromosome damage
hallucinogenic drugs have…
same course of action but vary in potency
hallucinogens’ are…
5-ht receptor agonists
5-HT 2a and 2c
receptors involved in hallucinogen blocking this receptor stop the effects of the drugs
respond both to NE and DA
locus coeruleus and hallucinogens
hallucinogens cause this brain region decrease spontaneous activity but increase activity to all kinds of sensory input
- *cells are nerve quiet unless suppressed
1. made up of NE containing neurons it receives sensory input info
2. this activity in the LC is regulated by the activity of 5-HT2a neurons found in other places in the brain
dissociative anesthetics
- ketamine and PCP
- used for surgery because muscle tone is maintained you can breath
- patients seem to be in a trance-like state
- some people become agitated under the influence due to no feedback bc feel no pain
- people experienced post op reactions like hallucinations
** medical use stopped in 1965
PCP and ketamine
non competitive ANT of NMDA receptor, which is a glumate receptir
NMDA
- ionotropic receptor for glutamate
- is specialized that controls a channel that is usually blocked by mg
allows Calcium to come in the cell and some NA comes in too and CA inside activates 2nd messenger systems
AMPA
- receptor that responds to glutamate, controls a NA channel
- which depolarizes the cell
- Mg only moves when the cell memrane is deplorized so this channel has to open first so that it can depolarize the neuron and the MG disappear than glycine and GLU can bind to that receptor
what two NT must be bond at the same time for NMDA
glutamate and glycine
called co-agonists
coincidence detector
- two events need to occur for those receptors to open
- pavlov, so things in close appx become associated because glycine and glutamate has to be there right after AMPA receptor becomes activity
* *neural bases of learning
The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
height of LSD 1964 and 1968
book by tom wolf documented rise of LSD
what book did leary right about lsd
League of Spiritual Discovery
decline of lsd in 1968
- bad trips
- unpure drugs
- stricter law enforment
- rumor of chormosome
be here now
- alpert wrote this after he moved to asia and became a buddish
phases of a trip
- onset
- plateu
- peak
- come down
witche’s brew
concution mad for religious purposes that contains
- toad skin-dmt and bufetoin
- deadly nightshade
The Serpent and the Rainbow
wade book about witches brew and created zoombies
belladonna alkaloids
active ingredient in the deadly nightshade
ACH ANT
atropine and scopolamine
both in the deadly nights shade plant
causes drowsiness and was used in sleeping aids
scopolamine
dries up mucous membranes and was used in cold medications
atropine
Lomotil
drug used to treat diaherreh has a small amount of atropine
over the counter drug
this is also found in mushrooms
belladonna alkaloids
bella donna
night shade plant
bufa marines
type of toad and secrets bufotenin
patent medicine
- intended to cure illnesses
- contained a large amount of narcotics
- you can say anything because it does not have to get tested
vin mariani
- contained a cocaine and alcohol
- patent medicine
- people used it to get energy
- inspiration for coca cola
what was coca cola used to treat initially
depression
difference between french wine and coca cola
french wine was switched with carbonation
pure food and drug act 1906
- mostly focused on food not drugs
- focus was to stop additives in food that could be dangerous (like cocaine in soda)
- started documenting where and who drugs were coming
- required patent medicine to list all their ingredients if they contained drugs only
Harrison narcotic tax act 1911
- looked as addiction as a moral failure
- opiate and coca products are taxed
- dr/phram had to keep records of who they gave drugs too and give it to the US
- to control drug distribution
- lead to the black market and punishment suppliers/users
- not really intended to improve public health
- started the fondation of punishment from the police for using drugs
what marked the start of presecrition drugs
harrison narcotic act
THC tax act of 1937
- the fedral beura of narcotics began to report that THC caused rape and murder
- same as HNA
nitrophenol
- intended to loss but toxic substances
- a lot of people died from it
- lead to an amendment to food and drug act to so that it will check the safety of drugs
diethylene glycol (sulpha)
- used to treat infections
- antifreeze
- another reason why the food and drug act was changed to include drugs and cosmetics
Food drug and cosmetic act
- main point was safety not worried about the therapeutic effects
- due to
what came out of the Thalidomide problem
- The Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments in 1962
- strengthens requirement for drug to be approved for sale
- effectiveness and safety had to be evaluated
controlled substances act 1970
- classified drugs as controlled
- is to improve the manufacturing, importation and exportation, distribution, and dispensing of controlled substances
- DEA in charge of proscuting not FDA
what plant produces mushrooms
peyote cactus
