Test 1 Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The study of the structure of the body and body parts
Define Physiology
The study of how the body and body parts move
List the major characteristics of life
Excretion Respiration Assimilation Reproduction Growth Circulation Absorption Movement Responsiveness Digestion
List the major needs/ requirements of organisms
Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure
Negative feedback Mechanisms
Moving the body towards normal.
Example -
Is positive or negative feedback more common in the body?
Negative feedback - because it is moving towards creating a normal internal environment
Negative feedback Mechanisms
Moving the body towards normal.
Example - Maintaining body temperature
List the level of organization in the human body from smallest to largest
Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Organism
List the major body cavities and the organs found in each
Cranial Cavity - Brain
Vertebral Cavity (Spinal) - Spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity - Heart, Lungs, Esophagus, Thymus, Trachea
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Abdominal - Stomach, gallbladder, liver, spleen, and intestines
- Pelvic - Reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
Dorsal and Ventral cavities - Diaphragm
Name the serous membranes including visceral and parietal layers
Visceral Pleura Parietal Pleura Visceral Pericardium Parietal Pericardium Visceral Peritoneum Parietal Peritoneum
List relative position terminology correctly
Ipsilateral - 2 structures on the same side Contralateral - 2 structures on opposite sides of the body Superficial - towards the surface Deep - away from the surface Anterior (ventral) - front of the body Posterior (dorsal) - back of the body Superior - towards the head Inferior - towards the feet Proximal - away from hand or foot Distal - towards hand or foot Medial - towards midline Lateral - away from midline
Define the body planes/sections and be able to use those terms correctly.
Sagittal Plane Median or Midsagittal Parasagittal Transverse Coronal or Frontal
Review and compare the major groups of organic molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Define Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body that store or release energy
Define anabolism and list the characteristics
Smaller units join to form a larger molecule ( the reaction builds something bigger).
Anabolism - reactants/ products, if energy is used or produced, type of reaction, and whether water is used or produced. Provide examples
Water is produced
Requires energy
Dehydration Synthesis
Define catabolism and list the characteristics.
A larger molecule is broken down into smaller ones
Catabolism - reactants/products, whether energy is used or produced, type of reaction, and whether water is used or produced. Provide examples.
Water is used
Releases energy
Hydrolysis
List the inorganic compounds of importance in the human body. Which is a waste product formed by cells?
Water
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide - waste product
Salts
Describe the change in hydrogen ion concentration and amount of change between two different pH measurements.
H+ concentration increases as pH decreases
Acidic pH
<7
Basic/alkaline pH
> 7
Define the role of enzymes in the body and what major group of organic molecules enzymes belong to.
they speed up reactions
remain unchanged after the reaction. They belong to Proteins
Describe the components of a composite cell
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Cytoplasm (between cell membrane and nucleus)
Nucleus
Explain the characteristics of the cell membrane.
A boundary - keeps cell whole
Selectively permeable - allows only certain substances in and out
Flexible - fluid mosaic model
List the 4 major components of the cell membrane; appearance and location in the membrane as well as their function
Phospholipid bilayer - flexible,
Protein -
Carbohydrates -
Cholesterol -
What types of molecules can and cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
Can - small, lipid-soluble substances; Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, steroid hormones
Can’t - water-soluble substances ; amino acids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, water.
Appearance, location, and function of major organelles.
Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosomes, cilia, flagella, and microfilaments/ microtubules
Ribosomes - small spheres, attached to the RER or free in cytoplasm, they assist in protein synthesis.
RER - ribosomes on surface, function in protein synthesis, located around or near the nucleus.
SER - lacks ribosomes, functions in lipid synthesis, location in the cytoplasm varies.
Golgi - membranous sacs located near the RER, functions in protein processing, produces vesicles (post office)
Vesicles - Membrane-bound sacs that are formed from the cell membrane, Golgi or ER, used for transport (trafficking), contain a variety of substances.
Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell they make ATP through aerobic respiration, contains small amounts of DNA, located throughout the cytoplasm.
Lysosomes - “garbage disposals” membrane-bound sacs that look like vesicles, contain enzymes that can break down worn cell parts, found anywhere in the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes - membrane bound sacs with enzymes; look similar to lysosomes and vesicles, break down toxins, located in the cells of liver and kidneys.
Centrosomes - each centrosome is made up of a pair of centrioles, small, hollow cylinder, play a role in dividing chromosomes during cell division.
Cilia - Small, hair-like extensions of the cell membrane, they beat and move substances along the surface of the cell.
Flagella - propels the cell (only on sperm)
Microfilaments - thinner and provide movement of cell membrane or in muscle cells, contraction of the cell, found in the cytoplasm that form a supportive framework for the cell (cytoskeleton)
Microtubules - larger and provide good structural support and can help move organelles.
Explain the makeup of the nuclear envelope
Double membrane that define the boundary of the nucleus. has pores that allow substances that are small enough in/out of the nucleus
Explain the ways that cells can vary in the body
Size, shape, and function
Explain the difference between passive and active transport processes with respect to energy ATP requirements.
Passive transport - do not require energy
Active Transport - does require energy
List the 4 major components of the cell membrane; appearance and location in the membrane as well as their function
Phospholipid bilayer - flexible, located outer part of the membrane
Protein - mosaic part, many different types, located in the cell membrane
Carbohydrates - found on the outer layer often attached to a protein, involved in cell recognition, and identification
Cholesterol - found associated with the fatty acid tails, affects the permeability of the membrane, provides stabilization of the membrane. Found inside the cell membrane
What does is mean when we say a cell membrane is “selectively permeable” or “semi-permeable”
Only certain substance can pass through
Explain the difference between the 3 types of endocytosis.
Phagocytosis - solids
Pinocytosis - fluids
Receptor mediated endocytosis - specific molecules
Appearance, location, and function of major organelles.
Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosomes, cilia, flagella, and microfilaments/ microtubules
Ribosomes - small spheres, attached to the RER or free in cytoplasm, they assist in protein synthesis.
RER - ribosomes on surface, function in protein synthesis, located around or near the nucleus.
SER - lacks ribosomes, functions in lipid synthesis, location in the cytoplasm varies.
Golgi - membranous sacs located near the RER, functions in protein processing, produces vesicles (post office)
Vesicles - Membrane-bound sacs that are formed from the cell membrane, Golgi or ER, used for transport (trafficking), contain a variety of substances.
Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell they make ATP through aerobic respiration, contains small amounts of DNA, located throughout the cytoplasm.
Lysosomes - “garbage disposals” membrane-bound sacs that look like vesicles, contain enzymes that can break down worn cell parts, found anywhere in the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes - membrane bound sacs with enzymes; look similar to lysosomes and vesicles, break down toxins, located in the cells of liver and kidneys.
Centrosomes - each centrosome is made up of a pair of centrioles, small, hollow cylinder, play a role in dividing chromosomes during cell division.
Cilia - Small, hair-like extensions of the cell membrane, they beat and move substances along the surface of the cell.
Flagella - propels the cell (only on sperm)
Microfilaments - thinner and provide movement of cell membrane or in muscle cells, contraction of the cell, found in the cytoplasm that form a supportive framework for the cell (cytoskeleton)
Microtubules - larger and provide good structural support and can help move organelles.
Describe the function of the nucleus
The nucleus is the brain of the cell, controls and regulates the activity of the cell (growth, metabolism) and also carries the genes, and structures that contain hereditary information
List, in correct order, the 4 phases of mitosis. What happens during each phase?
Prophase - chromosomes appear, sister chromatids are joined at centromeres, centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell, nuclear envelope / nucleolus they disperse or disappear, microtubules spindle fibers form between centrioles and begin to attach to centromeres.
Metaphase - Middle, spindle fibers are attached to the centromeres and pull the chromosomes to the center of the cell
Anaphase - the chromatids are pulled apart and separate and become individual chromosomes, think A for apart.
Telophase - opposite of prophase, nuclear envelope reforms around the 2 new sets of chromosomes, and the spindle fibers regress and chromosomes relax back to chromatin.
Compare and contrast anaerobic and aerobic respiration with respect to ATP yield.
Aerobic - creates 36 ATP from each glucose, requires oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria
Anaerobic - makes only 2 ATP from each glucose and LA, does not require oxygen, occurs in the cytoplasm.
Define Tissue
Layers or groups of similar cells with a common function
List the 4 main groups or types of tissue in the human body. Explain the characteristics of each group.
Connective - most abundant tissue
Nervous - send information
Epithelial - line internal and external surfaces
Muscle - contracts
Explain the classification and naming system that is applied to most epithelial tissues based on cell shape and number of layers of cells
Layers Simple - 1 layer Stratified - more than 1 layer Pseudostratified - looks like more than 1 but it only 1 Shapes Squamous - thin flat Cuboidal - cube shaped Columnar - elongated or column shaped
List the specific types of epithelial tissue discussed. Describe their appearance, functions, and locations in the body.
Simple Squamous - thin and delicate, functions with diffusion or filtration, located in alveoli, capillaries, and membranes.
Simple Cuboidal - functions secretion, located in kidney tubules and ducts of glands.
Simple Columnar - nuclei usually at same level, near basement membrane, with or without cilia or microvilli, has goblet cells, functions secretions, absorption, protection. Uterus, stomach, intestines
Pseudostratified Columnar - nuclei at different levels, elongated cells differ in shape, has cilia and goblet cells. Functions protection and secretion located in the respiratory passageways.
Stratified Squamous - some cells are squamous, deeper cells are cuboidal, outer layer of skin is keratinized, functions for protection. Located in the skin, throat, and esophagus.
Transitional (Uro) Epithelium - many cell layers, cube shaped and elongated cells, changes shape with tension, stretches, functions in protection, located in the urinary passageways.
List the specific types of epithelial tissue discussed. Describe their appearance, functions, and locations in the body.
Simple Squamous - thin and delicate, functions with diffusion or filtration, located in alveoli, capillaries, and membranes.
Simple Cuboidal - functions secretion, located in kidney tubules and ducts of glands.
Simple Columnar - nuclei usually at same level, near basement membrane, with or without cilia or microvilli, has goblet cells, functions secretions, absorption, protection. Uterus, stomach, intestines
Pseudostratified Columnar - nuclei at different levels, elongated cells differ in shape, has cilia and goblet cells. Functions protection and secretion located in the respiratory passageways.
Stratified Squamous - some cells are squamous, deeper cells are cuboidal, outer layer of skin is keratinized, functions for protection. Located in the skin, throat, and esophagus.
Transitional (Uro) Epithelium - many cell layers, cube shaped and elongated cells, changes shape with tension, stretches, functions in protection, located in the urinary passageways.
Glandular Epithelium - cells that produce and secrete substances.
- Endocrine - secretes hormones into the blood
- Exocrine - secretes substances into the ducts that open onto the surface.
Name and describe the major cell types and fiber types found in connective tissue
Cells
Fibroblast - the most common cell type in connective tissue, fixed, function in producing fibers.
Microphages - wandering, function in phagocytosis, originate in the blood as a monocyte.
Mast Cells - fixed, release heparin and histamine.
Fibers
Collagen (white fibers) - thick, body’s main structural protein, strong and flexible, slightly elastic ; tendons
Elastic fibers (yellow) - weaker ; vocal cords
Reticular fibers - thin branching fibers of collagen, delicate supporting networks; liver and spleen
List the specific types of connective tissue discussed. Describe their appearance, functions, and locations in the body.
Areolar - loose connective tissue, forms delicate filler, gel like ground substance, collagenous and elastic fibers. Located between muscles, and muscles and skin.
Adipose - adipocytes store fat, push nucleus to edge of cell, stores energy, insulates, and cushions. Located under skin and around organs.
Reticular Connective tissue - WBC, location liver spleen and lymph nodes.
Dense connective tissue - many collagen fibers, few elastic, fibroblast, strong, poor blood supply and few cells make it slow to heal. Located in ligaments, tendons.
Elastic - elastic quality, stretchy boi, located in the walls of hollow organs.
Cartilage - rigid, lacks blood supply, and heals slowly, chondrocytes in lacunae (chambers) are surrounded by matrix.
- Hyaline - most common type, located at the ends of long bones, the nose, trachea, embryonic skeleton, and growth plates.
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Name the specific cell types found in cartilage, bone, and blood
Bone - osteoblasts, osteocytes, canaliculi
Cartilage - chondrocytes
Blood - RBC, WBC, Platelets
List the specific types of connective tissue discussed. Describe their appearance, functions, and locations in the body.
Areolar - loose connective tissue, forms delicate filler, gel like ground substance, collagenous and elastic fibers. Located between muscles, and muscles and skin.
Adipose - adipocytes store fat, push nucleus to edge of cell, stores energy, insulates, and cushions. Located under skin and around organs.
Reticular Connective tissue - WBC, location liver spleen and lymph nodes.
Dense connective tissue - many collagen fibers, few elastic, fibroblast, strong, poor blood supply and few cells make it slow to heal. Located in ligaments, tendons.
Elastic - elastic quality, stretchy boi, located in the walls of hollow organs.
Cartilage - rigid, lacks blood supply, and heals slowly, chondrocytes in lacunae (chambers) are surrounded by matrix.
- Hyaline - most common type, located at the ends of long bones, the nose, trachea, embryonic skeleton, and growth plates.
- Elastic - more elastic fibers, located in the epiglottis, external ear, larynx
- Fibrocartilage - tough, many collagen fibers, shock absorber, located in the IVD and menisci
Bone - osseous tissue, solid matrix due to mineral salts many calcium based, collagen for resilience and strength, osteoblasts = bone forming cells, osteocytes = mature bone cells in lacunae, canaliculi = cytoplasmic extensions.
Blood - Cells in liquid matrix called plasma, RBC transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, WBC immunity and protection, palettes help in blood clotting.
List and describe the 3 major types of muscle tissue. Where are they found and how can they be differentiated based on appearance?
Cardiac - heart only, branching cells, involuntary, striated, intercalated discs, single nucleus
Smooth - non striated, spindle shaped, hollow internal organs, involuntary, single nucleus
Skeletal - striated, voluntary, multinucleate
Describe the functions of neuroglial cells and neurons in nervous tissue
Neurons - sense changes and transmit impulses
Neuroglial - support, protect, and nourish neurons.
Both found in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
What is the function of goblet cells and in which tissues are they found?
found in the epithelial tissue (simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar) function to secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer.
Describe the tissue types found in skin and their relative locations (superficial to deep)
Epidermis - stratified squamous which keratinized
Dermis - inner layer, thicker, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
Subcutaneous - areolar and adipose tissue (not considered part of the skin)
Name the pigment responsible for skin color and the function of this pigment.
Melanin - absorbs UV light from sunlight to protect skin cells from damaging affects. Also contributes to skin color.
Neutral pH
7
Acidosis (academia)
less than 7.30
Alkalosis (alkalemia)
greater than 7.50
pH of Human Blood
7.35 - 7.45
What does pH measure
how acidic, basic, or neutral a solution is
