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General Anatomy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the body and body parts

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

The study of how the body and body parts move

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3
Q

List the major characteristics of life

A 
Excretion
Respiration
Assimilation
Reproduction
Growth
Circulation
Absorption
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
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4
Q

List the major needs/ requirements of organisms

A 
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure
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5
Q

Negative feedback Mechanisms

A

Moving the body towards normal.

Example -

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6
Q

Is positive or negative feedback more common in the body?

A

Negative feedback - because it is moving towards creating a normal internal environment

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7
Q

Negative feedback Mechanisms

A

Moving the body towards normal.

Example - Maintaining body temperature

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8
Q

List the level of organization in the human body from smallest to largest

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organism
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9
Q

List the major body cavities and the organs found in each

A

Cranial Cavity - Brain
Vertebral Cavity (Spinal) - Spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity - Heart, Lungs, Esophagus, Thymus, Trachea
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Abdominal - Stomach, gallbladder, liver, spleen, and intestines
- Pelvic - Reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
Dorsal and Ventral cavities - Diaphragm

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10
Q

Name the serous membranes including visceral and parietal layers

A 
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Visceral Pericardium
Parietal Pericardium 
Visceral Peritoneum 
Parietal Peritoneum
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11
Q

List relative position terminology correctly

A 
Ipsilateral - 2 structures on the same side 
Contralateral - 2 structures on opposite sides of the body 
Superficial - towards the surface 
Deep - away from the surface
Anterior (ventral) - front of the body 
Posterior (dorsal) - back of the body
Superior - towards the head 
Inferior - towards the feet 
Proximal - away from hand or foot
Distal - towards hand or foot
Medial - towards midline
Lateral - away from midline
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12
Q

Define the body planes/sections and be able to use those terms correctly.

A 
Sagittal Plane
Median or Midsagittal
Parasagittal
Transverse 
Coronal or Frontal
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13
Q

Review and compare the major groups of organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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14
Q

Define Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body that store or release energy

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15
Q

Define anabolism and list the characteristics

A

Smaller units join to form a larger molecule ( the reaction builds something bigger).

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16
Q

Anabolism - reactants/ products, if energy is used or produced, type of reaction, and whether water is used or produced. Provide examples

A

Water is produced
Requires energy
Dehydration Synthesis

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17
Q

Define catabolism and list the characteristics.

A

A larger molecule is broken down into smaller ones

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18
Q

Catabolism - reactants/products, whether energy is used or produced, type of reaction, and whether water is used or produced. Provide examples.

A

Water is used
Releases energy
Hydrolysis

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19
Q

List the inorganic compounds of importance in the human body. Which is a waste product formed by cells?

A

Water
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide - waste product
Salts

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20
Q

Describe the change in hydrogen ion concentration and amount of change between two different pH measurements.

A

H+ concentration increases as pH decreases

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21
Q

Acidic pH

A

<7

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22
Q

Basic/alkaline pH

A

> 7

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23
Q

Define the role of enzymes in the body and what major group of organic molecules enzymes belong to.

A

they speed up reactions

remain unchanged after the reaction. They belong to Proteins

24
Q

Describe the components of a composite cell

A

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Cytoplasm (between cell membrane and nucleus)
Nucleus

25
Q

Explain the characteristics of the cell membrane.

A

A boundary - keeps cell whole
Selectively permeable - allows only certain substances in and out
Flexible - fluid mosaic model

26
Q

List the 4 major components of the cell membrane; appearance and location in the membrane as well as their function

A

Phospholipid bilayer - flexible,
Protein -
Carbohydrates -
Cholesterol -

27
Q

What types of molecules can and cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Can - small, lipid-soluble substances; Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, steroid hormones
Can’t - water-soluble substances ; amino acids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, water.

28
Q

Appearance, location, and function of major organelles.
Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosomes, cilia, flagella, and microfilaments/ microtubules

A

Ribosomes - small spheres, attached to the RER or free in cytoplasm, they assist in protein synthesis.
RER - ribosomes on surface, function in protein synthesis, located around or near the nucleus.
SER - lacks ribosomes, functions in lipid synthesis, location in the cytoplasm varies.
Golgi - membranous sacs located near the RER, functions in protein processing, produces vesicles (post office)
Vesicles - Membrane-bound sacs that are formed from the cell membrane, Golgi or ER, used for transport (trafficking), contain a variety of substances.
Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell they make ATP through aerobic respiration, contains small amounts of DNA, located throughout the cytoplasm.
Lysosomes - “garbage disposals” membrane-bound sacs that look like vesicles, contain enzymes that can break down worn cell parts, found anywhere in the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes - membrane bound sacs with enzymes; look similar to lysosomes and vesicles, break down toxins, located in the cells of liver and kidneys.
Centrosomes - each centrosome is made up of a pair of centrioles, small, hollow cylinder, play a role in dividing chromosomes during cell division.
Cilia - Small, hair-like extensions of the cell membrane, they beat and move substances along the surface of the cell.
Flagella - propels the cell (only on sperm)
Microfilaments - thinner and provide movement of cell membrane or in muscle cells, contraction of the cell, found in the cytoplasm that form a supportive framework for the cell (cytoskeleton)
Microtubules - larger and provide good structural support and can help move organelles.

29
Q

Explain the makeup of the nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane that define the boundary of the nucleus. has pores that allow substances that are small enough in/out of the nucleus

30
Q

Explain the ways that cells can vary in the body

A

Size, shape, and function

31
Q

Explain the difference between passive and active transport processes with respect to energy ATP requirements.

A

Passive transport - do not require energy

Active Transport - does require energy

32
Q

List the 4 major components of the cell membrane; appearance and location in the membrane as well as their function

A

Phospholipid bilayer - flexible, located outer part of the membrane
Protein - mosaic part, many different types, located in the cell membrane
Carbohydrates - found on the outer layer often attached to a protein, involved in cell recognition, and identification
Cholesterol - found associated with the fatty acid tails, affects the permeability of the membrane, provides stabilization of the membrane. Found inside the cell membrane

33
Q

What does is mean when we say a cell membrane is “selectively permeable” or “semi-permeable”

A

Only certain substance can pass through

34
Q

Explain the difference between the 3 types of endocytosis.

A

Phagocytosis - solids
Pinocytosis - fluids
Receptor mediated endocytosis - specific molecules

35
Q

Appearance, location, and function of major organelles.
Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosomes, cilia, flagella, and microfilaments/ microtubules

A

Ribosomes - small spheres, attached to the RER or free in cytoplasm, they assist in protein synthesis.
RER - ribosomes on surface, function in protein synthesis, located around or near the nucleus.
SER - lacks ribosomes, functions in lipid synthesis, location in the cytoplasm varies.
Golgi - membranous sacs located near the RER, functions in protein processing, produces vesicles (post office)
Vesicles - Membrane-bound sacs that are formed from the cell membrane, Golgi or ER, used for transport (trafficking), contain a variety of substances.
Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell they make ATP through aerobic respiration, contains small amounts of DNA, located throughout the cytoplasm.
Lysosomes - “garbage disposals” membrane-bound sacs that look like vesicles, contain enzymes that can break down worn cell parts, found anywhere in the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes - membrane bound sacs with enzymes; look similar to lysosomes and vesicles, break down toxins, located in the cells of liver and kidneys.
Centrosomes - each centrosome is made up of a pair of centrioles, small, hollow cylinder, play a role in dividing chromosomes during cell division.
Cilia - Small, hair-like extensions of the cell membrane, they beat and move substances along the surface of the cell.
Flagella - propels the cell (only on sperm)
Microfilaments - thinner and provide movement of cell membrane or in muscle cells, contraction of the cell, found in the cytoplasm that form a supportive framework for the cell (cytoskeleton)
Microtubules - larger and provide good structural support and can help move organelles.

36
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A

The nucleus is the brain of the cell, controls and regulates the activity of the cell (growth, metabolism) and also carries the genes, and structures that contain hereditary information

37
Q

List, in correct order, the 4 phases of mitosis. What happens during each phase?

A

Prophase - chromosomes appear, sister chromatids are joined at centromeres, centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell, nuclear envelope / nucleolus they disperse or disappear, microtubules spindle fibers form between centrioles and begin to attach to centromeres.
Metaphase - Middle, spindle fibers are attached to the centromeres and pull the chromosomes to the center of the cell
Anaphase - the chromatids are pulled apart and separate and become individual chromosomes, think A for apart.
Telophase - opposite of prophase, nuclear envelope reforms around the 2 new sets of chromosomes, and the spindle fibers regress and chromosomes relax back to chromatin.

38
Q

Compare and contrast anaerobic and aerobic respiration with respect to ATP yield.

A

Aerobic - creates 36 ATP from each glucose, requires oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria
Anaerobic - makes only 2 ATP from each glucose and LA, does not require oxygen, occurs in the cytoplasm.

39
Q

Define Tissue

A

Layers or groups of similar cells with a common function

40
Q

List the 4 main groups or types of tissue in the human body. Explain the characteristics of each group.

A

Connective - most abundant tissue
Nervous - send information
Epithelial - line internal and external surfaces
Muscle - contracts

41
Q

Explain the classification and naming system that is applied to most epithelial tissues based on cell shape and number of layers of cells

A 
Layers 
Simple - 1 layer 
Stratified - more than 1 layer 
Pseudostratified - looks like more than 1 but it only 1 
Shapes 
Squamous - thin flat
Cuboidal - cube shaped
Columnar - elongated or column shaped
42
Q

List the specific types of epithelial tissue discussed. Describe their appearance, functions, and locations in the body.

A

Simple Squamous - thin and delicate, functions with diffusion or filtration, located in alveoli, capillaries, and membranes.
Simple Cuboidal - functions secretion, located in kidney tubules and ducts of glands.
Simple Columnar - nuclei usually at same level, near basement membrane, with or without cilia or microvilli, has goblet cells, functions secretions, absorption, protection. Uterus, stomach, intestines
Pseudostratified Columnar - nuclei at different levels, elongated cells differ in shape, has cilia and goblet cells. Functions protection and secretion located in the respiratory passageways.
Stratified Squamous - some cells are squamous, deeper cells are cuboidal, outer layer of skin is keratinized, functions for protection. Located in the skin, throat, and esophagus.
Transitional (Uro) Epithelium - many cell layers, cube shaped and elongated cells, changes shape with tension, stretches, functions in protection, located in the urinary passageways.

43
Q

List the specific types of epithelial tissue discussed. Describe their appearance, functions, and locations in the body.

A

Simple Squamous - thin and delicate, functions with diffusion or filtration, located in alveoli, capillaries, and membranes.
Simple Cuboidal - functions secretion, located in kidney tubules and ducts of glands.
Simple Columnar - nuclei usually at same level, near basement membrane, with or without cilia or microvilli, has goblet cells, functions secretions, absorption, protection. Uterus, stomach, intestines
Pseudostratified Columnar - nuclei at different levels, elongated cells differ in shape, has cilia and goblet cells. Functions protection and secretion located in the respiratory passageways.
Stratified Squamous - some cells are squamous, deeper cells are cuboidal, outer layer of skin is keratinized, functions for protection. Located in the skin, throat, and esophagus.
Transitional (Uro) Epithelium - many cell layers, cube shaped and elongated cells, changes shape with tension, stretches, functions in protection, located in the urinary passageways.
Glandular Epithelium - cells that produce and secrete substances.
- Endocrine - secretes hormones into the blood
- Exocrine - secretes substances into the ducts that open onto the surface.

44
Q

Name and describe the major cell types and fiber types found in connective tissue

A

Cells
Fibroblast - the most common cell type in connective tissue, fixed, function in producing fibers.
Microphages - wandering, function in phagocytosis, originate in the blood as a monocyte.
Mast Cells - fixed, release heparin and histamine.
Fibers
Collagen (white fibers) - thick, body’s main structural protein, strong and flexible, slightly elastic ; tendons
Elastic fibers (yellow) - weaker ; vocal cords
Reticular fibers - thin branching fibers of collagen, delicate supporting networks; liver and spleen

45
Q

List the specific types of connective tissue discussed. Describe their appearance, functions, and locations in the body.

A

Areolar - loose connective tissue, forms delicate filler, gel like ground substance, collagenous and elastic fibers. Located between muscles, and muscles and skin.
Adipose - adipocytes store fat, push nucleus to edge of cell, stores energy, insulates, and cushions. Located under skin and around organs.
Reticular Connective tissue - WBC, location liver spleen and lymph nodes.
Dense connective tissue - many collagen fibers, few elastic, fibroblast, strong, poor blood supply and few cells make it slow to heal. Located in ligaments, tendons.
Elastic - elastic quality, stretchy boi, located in the walls of hollow organs.
Cartilage - rigid, lacks blood supply, and heals slowly, chondrocytes in lacunae (chambers) are surrounded by matrix.
- Hyaline - most common type, located at the ends of long bones, the nose, trachea, embryonic skeleton, and growth plates.
-

46
Q

Name the specific cell types found in cartilage, bone, and blood

A

Bone - osteoblasts, osteocytes, canaliculi
Cartilage - chondrocytes
Blood - RBC, WBC, Platelets

47
Q

List the specific types of connective tissue discussed. Describe their appearance, functions, and locations in the body.

A

Areolar - loose connective tissue, forms delicate filler, gel like ground substance, collagenous and elastic fibers. Located between muscles, and muscles and skin.
Adipose - adipocytes store fat, push nucleus to edge of cell, stores energy, insulates, and cushions. Located under skin and around organs.
Reticular Connective tissue - WBC, location liver spleen and lymph nodes.
Dense connective tissue - many collagen fibers, few elastic, fibroblast, strong, poor blood supply and few cells make it slow to heal. Located in ligaments, tendons.
Elastic - elastic quality, stretchy boi, located in the walls of hollow organs.
Cartilage - rigid, lacks blood supply, and heals slowly, chondrocytes in lacunae (chambers) are surrounded by matrix.
- Hyaline - most common type, located at the ends of long bones, the nose, trachea, embryonic skeleton, and growth plates.
- Elastic - more elastic fibers, located in the epiglottis, external ear, larynx
- Fibrocartilage - tough, many collagen fibers, shock absorber, located in the IVD and menisci
Bone - osseous tissue, solid matrix due to mineral salts many calcium based, collagen for resilience and strength, osteoblasts = bone forming cells, osteocytes = mature bone cells in lacunae, canaliculi = cytoplasmic extensions.
Blood - Cells in liquid matrix called plasma, RBC transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, WBC immunity and protection, palettes help in blood clotting.

48
Q

List and describe the 3 major types of muscle tissue. Where are they found and how can they be differentiated based on appearance?

A

Cardiac - heart only, branching cells, involuntary, striated, intercalated discs, single nucleus
Smooth - non striated, spindle shaped, hollow internal organs, involuntary, single nucleus
Skeletal - striated, voluntary, multinucleate

49
Q

Describe the functions of neuroglial cells and neurons in nervous tissue

A

Neurons - sense changes and transmit impulses
Neuroglial - support, protect, and nourish neurons.
Both found in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

50
Q

What is the function of goblet cells and in which tissues are they found?

A

found in the epithelial tissue (simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar) function to secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer.

51
Q

Describe the tissue types found in skin and their relative locations (superficial to deep)

A

Epidermis - stratified squamous which keratinized
Dermis - inner layer, thicker, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
Subcutaneous - areolar and adipose tissue (not considered part of the skin)

52
Q

Name the pigment responsible for skin color and the function of this pigment.

A

Melanin - absorbs UV light from sunlight to protect skin cells from damaging affects. Also contributes to skin color.

53
Q

Neutral pH

A

7

54
Q

Acidosis (academia)

A

less than 7.30

55
Q

Alkalosis (alkalemia)

A

greater than 7.50

56
Q

pH of Human Blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

57
Q

What does pH measure

A

how acidic, basic, or neutral a solution is

General Anatomy (6 decks)

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