Test 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of Christian Education?
A Bible-based, Christ-centered process of leading a learner to Christ, while teaching obedience, knowledge, attitudes, and skills, for effective service for the Lord Jesus Christ.
Colossians 2:8
Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ.
What are the three things Educational Psychology is concerned with?
1) The learner (individual differences, similarities, needs, and spiritual emotional, mental, and physical well-being)
2) The learning situation (group dynamics that affect learning)
3) The learning process (how one learns and how to make learning more effective)
What is the definition of Learning?
Any relatively permanent change in behavior or thought that is a result of experience or acquired knowledge.
What are the two schools of thought when it comes to learning?
Behaviorists and Cognitivist
What is the definition of Psychology?
The study of why people behave as they do;
Psyche = mind, soul
-ology = the study of
What is the definition of “Christian Psychology”?
Made up of theories and techniques from secular psychology, blended with Christianity
Is “mental illness” a valid term? Why or why not?
No; the mind isn’t a physical thing, therefore it cannot become ill.
Is psychology a science? Why or why not?
No; psychology is not a science because it’s not observable, repeatable, etc.
What are the 3 types of Experience?
1st Hand—”hands on” (ex.: field experience, practicum, internship)
2nd Hand—watching someone else do it; empirical knowledge (ex.: observing classes)
3rd Hand—reading or hearing about it (ex.: hearing a lecture/sermon, reading a book)
What are the 3 phases of Learning?
Acquisition—(“Acquire”) taking it in
Storage—putting it in memory
Retrieval—recalling info (for a test, etc.)
Make sure to study the Teaching-Learning Process graph.
Found in Lecture 2 notes
What are the unlearned responses inborn in man?
Reflexes: an unlearned, simple, immediate response to a specific stimulus
Instinct: a complex, unlearned pattern of responses
Scriptural Basis for Learning
- Man was created in God’s image.
- Man has intellect, emotion, and a will.
- After salvation, man has the ability to understand truth.
- A saved man has a Christian “World View.”
Discuss Aristotle.
Greek philosopher
wrote Doctrine of Intellect
What were Aristotle’s 2 Universal Laws of Learning?
Association (Contiguity, Similarity, Contrast)
Use of Information (Induction, Deduction)
What are the 3 types of Association discussed in Aristotle’s Universal Laws of Learning?
- Contiguity (ideas occurring together in time are associated, ex.: thunder means the lights will go out, tires screeching means a car will crash)
- Similarity (ideas are linked by likeness or agreement, ex.: turtle taste like chicken, alligator tale taste like pork chops)
- Contrast (ideas are grouped because they are opposite, ex.: up and down, black and white, over and under, in and out)
What are the 2 types of Use of Information discussed in Aristotle’s Universal Laws of Learning?
- Induction: reasoning from particular facts/specific instances to a general rule or principle
- Deduction: reasoning from a general rule to a specific prediction
Discuss Hermann Ebbinghause.
- Best known for studies of memory (rote learning)*
- First to try to separate philosophy from psychology
- Studied variable that affect retention (time, type of material, amount of material, and interference)
Discuss Wilhelm Wundt.
Structuralism (not followed any more)
Sought to identify the elements of the mind (consciousness)
Discuss John Dewey.
Functionalism
Adaption to the environment (you are a product of your environment)
Who was the Founder of Scientific Psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who was the Father of Modern Psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who opened the first laboratory of experimental psychology in 1879?
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism sought scientific knowledge through observation of social behavior. How was this theory received?
Others rejected this method of data collection because it was not objective.
Who was the Father of Progressive Education?
John Dewey
Who believed learning by doing?
John Dewey
What is “Reflex Circuit” associated with?
John Dewey and Functionalism
What are the 3 Principles of Functionalism?
- “How” and “Why” of mental processes
- Psychology of Adjustment
- Studied mental aspect of how learning takes place
Discuss Ivan Pavlov.
Classical Conditioning
Learning is basically a matter of developing a response to a stimulus that did not originally call forth that response
What is Classical Conditioning?
The pairing of a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus to produce a response.
Define Neutral Stimulus (NS).
did not previously produce a response
Define Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS).
normally brings a response
Define Unconditioned Response (UCR).
natural response to the Unconditioned Stimulus
Define Conditioned Stimulus (CS).
does not normally bring a response (used to be called Neutral Stimulus)
Define Conditioned Response (CR).
resulting response (taught)
Define Extinction.
Conditioned Response disappears after repeatedly presenting Conditioned Stimulus alone after conditioning
Define Spontaneous Recovery.
present Conditioned Stimulus after a period of extinction and Conditioned Response returns immediately (weaker and disappears more quickly)
Discuss Edward Thorndike.
Associationism/”Bond Psychology”/Connectionism
Thorndike’s Laws of Learning
Who do many believe to be the greatest learning theorist of all time?
Edward Thorndike
What are Thorndike’s 3 Laws of Learning?
1) Law of Readiness
- When someone is ready to perform some act, to do so is satisfying.
- When someone is ready to perform some act, not to do so is annoying.
- When someone is not ready to perform some act and is forced to do so, it is annoying.
2) Law of Exercise (later discarded)
- Practiced bonds are strengthened; unpracticed bonds are weakened.
3) Law of Effect (later revised)
- A response followed by a satisfying state of affairs strengthens the Stimulus-Response bond.
- A response followed by an annoying state of affairs weakens the Stimulus-Response bond.
Who emphasized the role of experience in the strengthening or weakening of stimulus-response bonds or associations?
Edward Thorndike
What did Edward Thorndike believe about education?
Schools should emphasize the direct training of those skills thought to be important beyond the school.
According to Edward Thorndike, what is learning strengthened by?
Practice and/or reward
Discuss John B. Watson.
Behaviorism
All learning or behavior is a direct result of one’s environment
What is the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist?
Psychiatrist: a licensed physician specifically trained to practice psychology (can prescribe medicine)
Psychologist: a person trained to perform psychological analysis, therapy, and research (cannot prescribe medicine)
What is a counselor who believes the Bible is sufficient called?
Nouthetic Counselor
John B. Watson agreed with John Locke’s theory “tabula rasa.” What does “tabula rasa” mean?
“Blank slate”; the idea that humans are born completely blank and that everything is learned
John B. Watson believed that psychology must be based on what?
observable behavior or responses
John B. Watson rejected the _____ and _____.
mind and consciousness
What are John B. Watson’s 5 Basic Premises of Behaviorism?
- All human behavior is learned
- Learning occurs as a result of conditioning
- Permanent learning results from frequent contiguous associations
- Man is nothing more than an animal (organism)
- All learning or behavior is a direct result of one’s environment.
Discuss Edwin Guthrie.
Contiguous Conditioning
Learning takes place by contiguous associations
Who believed that learning takes place on the first try?
Edwin Guthrie (he called it “one-trial learning”)
What theory states that rewards and reinforcement are not necessary?
Edwin Guthrie’s Contiguous Conditioning
Discuss Clark Hull.
Systematic Behavior Theory/Mathematical Learning Theory (current and original name of same theory)
Foundation of the theory is habit formation (H*abit, Hull)
What theory believes that motivation to learn is a result of natural drives?
Systematic Behavior Theory/Mathematical Learning Theory
Who developed mathematical formulas to predict behavior? Were they successful?
Clark Hull. No, which is why “Mathematical Learning Theory” was changed to “Systematic Behavior Theory.”
Clark Hull’s Systematic Behavior Theory/Mathematical Learning Theory viewed behavior in context with _____ _____.
need satisfaction
T/F: Clark Hull believed learning must be reinforced to be retained.
True
T/F: Edwin Guthrie believed learning must be reinforced to be retained.
False
Discuss Max Wertheimer.
Gestalt Psychology
“The whole is different than the sum of its parts.”
Who observed the Phi Phenomenon and how?
Max Wertheimer observed the Phi Phenomenon when looking at lights blinking on and off. This gave the illusion of movement.
What does “Gestalt” mean?
German for “whole” or “pattern”
What theory was the basis for sight learning (look-say)?
Gestalt Psychology
What are the 6 Gestalt Laws?
1) Law of Proximity (patterns close together tend to form a group)
2) Law of Similarity (items which are alike tend to form a group)
3) Law of Continuity (perception tends toward simplicity)
4) Law of Closure (tendency to complete a figure; we tend to ignore gaps and our mind fills in the missing parts to make familiar images)
5) Law of Closed Form (lines which enclose a surface tend to be seen as a group)
6) Law of Common Movement (objects moving at the same time in a similar manner tend to form a group, ex.: airplanes, birds, fish, synchronized swimmers, marching band, etc.)
